Surat-surat Muhammad untuk kepala negara

Revisi sejak 18 Desember 2016 17.20 oleh Farras (bicara | kontrib)

Menurut al-Tabari dalam Sejarah Para Nabi dan Raja, setelah Perjanjian Hudaibiyah, Muhammad memutuskan untuk mengirim surat kepada sejumlah kepala negara yang mengajak mereka memeluk Islam. [1][2][3] Beberapa pakar non-Muslim meragukan tradisi ini.[4]

Berdasarkan historiografi Islam, Muhammad mengirim utusan kepada Heraklius, Kaisar Bizantium; Chosroes II, Khosrau Persia; Negus dari Ethiopia; Muqawqis, penguasa Mesir; Harith Gassani, gubernur Suriah; Munzir ibn Sawa; dan penguasa Bahrain.[5]

Kaisar Bizantium

 
Surat yang diduga dikirim oleh Muhammad kepada Heraklius, Kaisar Bizantium. Foto diambil dari Majid Ali Khan, Muhammad The Final Messenger, Islamic Book Service, New Delhi (1998).

Berikut isi surat kepada Heraklius menurut para sejarawan Islam:

Raja Etiopia

Berikut isi surat dari Muhammad untuk Negus, Raja Etiopia:

Gubernur Bahrain

 
Surat dari Muhammed untuk Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi. Foto salinan surat diambil dari Sultan Ahmed Qureshi, Letters of the Holy Prophet, Karachi (1983).

Berikut isi surat dari Muhammad untuk Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi:

Muqawqis dari Mesir

 
Surat Muhamamd untuk Muqawqis, ditemukan di Mesir tahun 1858.[7]

Berikut isi surat dari Muhammad untuk Muqawqis:

Referensi

  1. ^ Lings, Martin (1994). Muhammad: His Life based on the earliest sources. Suhail Academy Lahore. hlm. 260. 
  2. ^ Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). hlm. 250–251. ISBN 81-85738-25-4. 
  3. ^ Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1993). The Life of Muhammad (Translated from the 8th Edition By Ism'il Ragi A. Al Faruqi). Islami Book Trust, Kula Lumpur. hlm. 360. 
  4. ^ Gabriel Said Reynolds, The Emergence of Islam (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012), p. 49.
  5. ^ For example, Sigismund Koelle reports that "Ibn Ishak also mentions the names of nine different messengers who had to carry Mohammed's letters to the following potentates: (1) to the Emperor of the Greeks; (2) to Chosroes, the king of Persia; (3) to Najashi, the prince of Abyssinia; (4) to Mokawkas, the prince of Alexandria; (5) to Jeifar and Iyaz, the princes of Oman; (6) to Thumama and Hawza, the princes of Yemama; (7) to Munzir, the prince of Bahrein; (8) to El Harith, the prince of the border districts of Syria; and (9) to the Himyarite Harith Ibn Abd Kulal, the prince of Yemen." Koelle, S. W. (1889). Mohammed and Mohammedanism Critically Considered (p. 194). London: Rivingtons.
  6. ^ Translation was copied and modified from some websites here [1], [2]. It would be appreciated if there is a better translation.
  7. ^ "the original of the letter was discovered in 1858 by Monsieur Etienne Barthelemy, member of a French expedition, in a monastery in Egypt and is now carefully preserved in Constantinople. Several photographs of the letter have since been published. The first one was published in the well-known Egyptian newspaper Al-Hilal in November 1904" Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1980 (chapter 12). The drawing of the letter published in Al-Hilal was reproduced in David Samuel Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, London (1905), p. 365, which is the source of this image.
  8. ^ Margoliouth, D. S. (1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., p. 365). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press.