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Rudus

Rudus
A rudus with a style distinctive to the region of northern Sumatra inhabited by the Aceh and Pakpak people.
Jenis	Sword
Negara asal	Malay of Sumatra
Sejarah pemakaian
Digunakan oleh	Malay people
Spesifikasi
Tipe gagang	Wood
Jenis sarung	Wood

A Rudus is a sword or cutlass associated with the Malay culture of Sumatra. Together with the pemandap, the rudus is among the largest swords of Malay people. Rudus is also a symbol of certain Malay state in the Island, e.g. the Province of Bengkulu in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Rudus adalah senjata pedang atau golok yang diasosiasikan dengan kebudayaan Melayu di Sumatera. Bersama dengan pemandap, rudus termasuk kedalam senjata berukuran terbesar bangsa melayu.

Description

The rudus is associated with the Islamic Malay culture. It is found to be more common in Sumatra than in the Malay peninsula. Together with the pemandap, the rudus is considered to be a symbol of the Sumatran Malay culture. The Acehnese people and the Malay of Bengkulu are recorded to have the rudus as their cultural identity. Rudus is also found in the Malay Banjar people of South Kalimantan, where it was an official traditional weapon of the province of South Kalimantan, together with the kuduk.

Rudus diasosiasikan dengan kebudayaan melayu. Rudus lebih umum ditemukan di Sumatera daripada di tanjung melayu. Bersama dengan pemandap, rudus adalah simbol bangsa Melayu di Sumatera. Orang Aceh dan orang Melayu di Propinsi Bengkulu memasukkan rudus sebagai bagian dari identitas kebudayaannya. Rudus juga merupakan senjata tradisional orang-orang Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan, bersama dengan senjata kuduk.

In the Islamic period of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra was divided into multiple small sultanates that were at war with each other. The province of Bengkulu in South Sumatra alone had many sultanates, among the sultanates were the Sultanate of Sungai Serut, Selebar, Pat Petulai, Balai Buntar, Sungai Lemau, Sekiris, Gedung Agung and Marau Riang. These warring sultanate states would equip their warriors with weapons e.g. the badik, rambai ayam and rudus. Rudus was also used in the ceremony of the election of the datuk, the chief of the adat.

Selama masa periode Islam di Indonesia, pulau Sumatera terbagi atas kerajaan-kerajaan kecil yang saling berpernag satu sama lain. Masing-masong kerajaan ini memiliki prajuritnya masing-masing dan mengembangkan berbagai macam senjata perang seperti badik, rambai ayam, dan rudus. Selain sebagai senjata perang, rudus juga digunakan dalam upacara pengangkatan datuk.

During the colonial period, rudus was used by the natives as a form of resistance toward the colonial government. Because of this romanticized patriotic notion of using the rudus to rise against the oppressor, the rudus is featured in the seal of the Bengkulu province to symbolize heroism.

Selama masa kolonial, rudus digunakan oleh penduduk asli sebagai bentuk perlawanan terhadap pemerintah kolonial. Karena gagasan patriotik yang romantis ini dengan menggunakan rudus untuk bangkit melawan penindas, rudus ditampilkan di meterai provinsi Bengkulu untuk melambangkan kepahlawanan.

Form

The seal of the province of Bengkulu features two rudus.

Rudus terdiri dari mata (secara harfiah "mata", mata pisau), ulu ("gagang"), dan sarung ("sarung"). [2]

Rudus sering ditulis dengan tulisan Jawi di bagian pedang, mis. pada pisau atau di gagangnya Skrip Jawi adalah sejenis alfabet Perso-Arab yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Melayu, terutama oleh orang Aceh, orang Banjar, dan Minangkabau. Pembuat pedang rudus akan mengukir tanggal selesainya pedang, serta namanya dan desa asalnya. Namun, dalam beberapa kasus, prasasti itu menunjukkan tanggal hiasan ulang pisau itu. Sebuah rudus yang disimpan di Metropolitan Museum of Art di New York City memiliki prasasti yang mengidentifikasi bahwa seniman tersebut berasal dari sebuah desa di Semenanjung Malaysia, namun bentuk hiasannya tidak endemik di Semenanjung Malaysia, namun lebih ke wilayah Sumatera utara yang dihuni oleh orang Aceh dan Batak Pakpak. Ini menunjukkan bahwa rudus dibuat di Sumatera dan kemudian didekorasi di negara tetangga Malaysia. [3]

Prasasti bisa ditulis di atas pisau atau di gagangnya. Contoh Museum Metropolitan Art memiliki prasasti bertatahkan emas. Beberapa memilih untuk mengukirnya di gagang kayu. [3]

Rudus dibawa tersandang di samping.

The rudus consists of the mata (literally "eyes", the blade), the ulu ("hilt"), and the sarung ("sheath").

The rudus is often inscribed with Jawi script at parts of the sword, e.g. at the blade or at the hilt. The Jawi script is a kind of Perso-Arabic alphabet that was used for writing the Malay language, especially by the Acehnese, Banjarese, and Minangkabau. The maker of the rudus sword would carve the date of the completion of the sword, as well as his name and his village of origin. In some cases however, the inscription indicated the date of the re-decoration of the blade. A rudus kept in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has inscription which identifies that the artist came from a village in Peninsular Malaysia, however the shape of the decoration is not endemic to the Peninsular Malaysia, but more to the northern Sumatran region which is inhabited by the Aceh and the Batak Pakpak people. This indicates that the rudus was made in Sumatra and then decorated in neighboring Malaysia.

Inscriptions can be written on the blade or on the hilt. The Metropolitan Museum of Art example has the inscriptions inlaid with gold. Some chose to carve it on its wooden hilt.

The rudus is carried slung at the side.

Cited works

• Newbold, T.J. (1839). Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca. Oxford University. 

Kulah khud

A style of helmet known as top in India. This top came from the Deccan region.

A kulah khud (known in India as top) is a type of helmet worn by warriors across much of Indo-Persian world from late medieval times onward. Characteristic features are the mail aventail veil, the spike holder on top, and two to three plume holders.

Kulah khud (dikenal di India dengan nama top) adalah sebuah tipe topi baja yang digunakan oleh prajurit-prajurit di daerah Indo-Persia dimulai dRi Abad Pertengahan. Ciri-ciri kulah khud adalah pelindung rantai yang terpasang di bagian bawah helm, duri di atas, dan dua tempat bulu di sisi kiri dan kanan.

Form and origin

Kulah khud mungkin berasal dari Asia Tengah. [2] Mereka dicatat untuk dipakai sebagian besar orang Indo-Persia di wilayah ini, mis. orang Arab, Persia, Turki dan India. Mereka biasanya terbuat dari baja. Kulah khud berbentuk mangkuk, baik rendah maupun datar, atau tinggi dan runcing. Ini mungkin berisi soket spike di bagian atas helm, yang menyerupai ujung tombak dengan bagian seperti salib. Dua (atau tiga) pemegang plume dilekatkan pada kedua sisi tengkorak, digunakan untuk memasang bulu seperti egret. [3] [4]

Fitur kulah khud yang paling mencolok adalah aventail surat besi dan kuningan atau kuningan dan tembaga yang tergantung di dasar helm untuk melindungi leher, bahu, dan bait pada wajah. Terkadang, surat aventail meluas ke bawah untuk menutupi mata dan bahkan hidungnya. Ujung bawah aventail surat sering bekerja dalam bentuk lonjakan segitiga, sehingga bisa tetap terbungkus relatif di sisi depan dan belakang bahu pejuang. [4]

Batang hidung geser yang terbuat dari besi atau baja menempel pada bagian depan helm dengan braket dan dapat disesuaikan pada posisinya. Bila tidak digunakan, bar hidung bisa diikat dengan kaitan dan kait, atau kadang dengan sekrup set. Dua ujung bar hidung diperluas menjadi piring, membentuk semacam finial. Di beberapa helm India, ujung bawah batang hidung sangat membesar dalam bentuk bulan sabit sehingga menutupi sebagian besar wajah di bawah mata. Ada versi langka dari kulah khud dimana ada tiga besi hidung untuk melindungi hidung dan pipi. [4]

The kulah khud probably originated in Central Asia. They were recorded to be worn by most Indo-Persians of the region, e.g. the Arabs, Persians, Turkish and Indian. They were usually made of steel. Kulah khud is bowl-shaped, either low and flat, or high and pointed. it may contain a spike socket at the top of the helmet, which resembles a spearhead with its cross-like section. Two (or three) plume holders are attached on either side of the skull, used to mount feathers such as the egret.

The kulah khud's most striking feature is the iron-and-brass or brass-and-copper mail aventail that hung at the base of the helmet to protect the neck, shoulders, and the temple of the face. Sometimes, the mail aventail extends down to cover the eyes and even the nose. The low end of the mail aventail is often worked in a form of triangular spikes, so that they could stay relatively affixed on the front- and back-side of the warrior's shoulder.

A sliding nasal bar made of iron or steel is attached to the front of the helmet with a bracket and can be adjusted in position. When not in use, the nasal bar could be fastened up by a link and hook, or sometimes by a set screw. The two ends of the nasal bar expanded into plates, forming a kind of finial. In some of the Indian helmets, the lower end of the nasal bar is enormously enlarged in a crescent form so that it cover most of face below the eyes. There is a rare version of the kulah khud where there are three nasal irons to protect the nose and the cheeks.

Decoration

A highly ornate top from 18th-century Mughal warrior.

The kulah khud has a relatively similar identifiable form, but their decoration greatly varies. Parts of the kulah khud, especially the skull and the nasal bar, were heavily decorated with patterned motifs of inlaid brass, silver or gold; or decorated with figural images. A Mughal top helmet features calligraphic inscriptions from Quran, supposedly to protect the wearer from harm or to gain a speedy victory. A top discovered in Gwalior, India, features a skull-and-crossed-bones motif, a sign of European influence. The upper and lower finial of the nasal bar is also the focus of artistic decoration in the kulah khud. One example is an image of the elephant-headed Hindu god Ganesha carved on the upper finial of the nasal bar of a Sikh top.

Kulah khud memiliki bentuk pengenal yang relatif sama, namun dekorasi mereka sangat beragam. Bagian dari kulah khud, terutama tengkorak dan nasal bar, dihiasi dengan motif bermotif kuningan, perak atau emas bertatah; atau dihiasi dengan gambar figural. Helm top Mughal menampilkan prasasti kaligrafi dari Quran, yang seharusnya melindungi pemakainya dari bahaya atau untuk mendapatkan kemenangan yang cepat. Bagian atas yang ditemukan di Gwalior, India, menampilkan motif tengkorak dan lintang tulang, tanda pengaruh Eropa. Bagian atas dan bawah nasal bar juga merupakan fokus hiasan artistik di kulah khud. Salah satu contohnya adalah gambar dewa Hindu berkepala gajah Ganesha yang diukir di ujung atas batang hidung bagian atas Sikh.

Revival

Despite modernization of Iran’s military in the nineteenth century, traditional armor continued to be manufactured. They are often served only for military parades, as costume for religious or historic plays, or as souvernirs.

Meskipun modernisasi militer Iran di abad kesembilan belas, armor tradisional terus diproduksi. Mereka sering dilayani hanya untuk parade militer, sebagai kostum untuk drama religius atau sejarah, atau sebagai souvernir.

Bibliografi

• Gahir, Sunita; Spencer, Sharon, ed. (2006). Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 9780756622107. 
• Stone, George Cameron (2013). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times. Dover: Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486131290. 

Dao

Dao
Assamese Dao with scabbard, 19th-century
Jenis	Sword
Negara asal	India, Assam and Nagaland
Sejarah pemakaian
Digunakan oleh	Naga people
Spesifikasi
Berat	2.665 gram (94,0 oz)
Panjang	45 sentimeter ()-65 sentimeter ()
Lebar	51 sentimeter ()
Tipe pedang	Single edge
Tipe gagang	wood, cane
Jenis sarung	wood, cane
Tipe kepala	steel

Dao is the national sword of the Naga people of Assam and Nagaland, India. The sword, with its wooden hilt, and unique square form is used for digging as well as for killing.

Dao adalah senjata nasional dari orang Naga di Assam dan Nagaland di India. Dao memiliki fungsi yang beragam, mulai dari untuk berburu atau untuk memggali.

Form

Golok dao ditemukan di Assam dan Nagaland di timur laut India dimana orang-orang Naga tinggal. Dao memliki bentuk yang tebal dan berat, dengan panjabg bervariasi atara 45 hingga 65 centimeter. Bentuk dao unik karena ujungnya pedangnya melebar diujung dan mengecil di pangkal, sehingga bentuknya seperti kotak. Bentuk ini juga ditemukandi pedang dha, yang kemungkinan merupakan evolusi dari bentuk dha melalui kebudayaan Kachin di Burma.

Pedang dao berbentuk hampir lurus dengan lengkungan yang sangat tipis yang hanya dapat terlihat jika diobservasi lebih teliti. Pedang dao memiliki pinggir seperti dipahat. Bentuk uniknya adalah pedangnya menipis di pangkal dan melebar di ujung.

Pegangan dari dao terbuat dari kayu dan memiliki bentuk yang sangat sederhana, tanpa pelindung atau pangkal yang membesar. Akar bambu dianggap sebagai bahan baku paling baik untuk sebuah dao. Pegangan dao dililit dengan semacam anyaman untuk meyediakan pegangan yang kuat. Terkadang tutup perunggu ditempatkan dipangkal pegangan dao. Beberapa pegangan dao terbuat dari gading.

The dao broadsword can be found in the northeastern region of Assam and Nagaland in India where the Naga people lives. The dao has a thick and heavy form, with length varies between 45 sentimeter () to 65 sentimeter (). The unique design of this long backsword is that instead of a point, the tip of the sword is a bevel, creating an appearance of a squarish shape. This form is also found in the Burmese dha whose form is derived from the dao. The form of the dao was first adopted by the Kachin people who live along the Assam-Burma border and to the east, in the most mountainous regions of Upper Burma. From here the form would evolve to the more elongated dha.

The blade of the Dao is almost straight, with a very minimal curve that can only be discerned upon close examination. The blade is heavy and chisel-edged. It has a unique form that it is narrowest at the hilt and the gradually broaden to the endpoint.

The wooden hilt has a very simple shape, without a guard or without a distinguished pommel. Bamboo root is considered to be the best material for the hilt. The grip of the handle is sometimes wrapped with basketry. Sometimes the hilt is decorated with a bronze cap at the bottom. The hilt may also be made of ivory, and occasionally can be well-carved.

Dao is usually carried in an open-sided wooden scabbard which is fastened to a rattan belt hoop. The scabbard is centrally hollowed out on one face.

Multi-function

Dao mungkin merupakan satu-satu ya alat yang dipakai oleh orang Naga. Dao digunakan untuk bermacam-macam hal misalnya untuk membangun rumah, untuk menebang pohon, untuk menggali, untuk membuat anyaman, dwn untuk membuat perabot kayu. Dao juga digunakan sebagai senjata.

The dao is almost the only tool that was used by the Naga people. It is used for many purposes e.g. for building houses, to clear the forest, to dig the earth, to make the women's weaving tools, and to create any kind of wooden objects. The dao is also used as a weapon.

Cited works

• Burton, Richard F. (1987). The Book Of The Sword. London: Dover. ISBN 0-486-25434-8. 
• Greaves, Ian A.; Bowditch, Mark I.; Winston, Andrew Y. (2005). "THE SWORDS OF CONTINENTAL SOUTHEAST ASIA". Ars Cives Creativity. Ars Cives Creativity. Diakses tanggal November 15, 2017. 
• Jones, Lee A. (1999). "Sword-daos of the Hill Tribes of Assam and Nagaland (northeastern India) and of the Kachin Peoples (northern Burma (Myanmar))". Viking Sword. Viking Sword. Diakses tanggal November 15, 2017. 
• Stone, George Cameron (2013). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times. Dover: Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486131290. 
• van Zonneveld, Albert G. (2001). Traditional Weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago. C. Zwartenkot Art Books. ISBN 9789054500049.