Orang Vietnam Amerika
Etnis Vietnam di Amerika Serikat (bahasa Vietnam: Người Mỹ gốc Việt) adalah orang-orang Amerika Serikat yang memiliki darah keturunan Vietnam.[5] Orang Vietnam-Amerika merupakan etnis Vietnam terbesar dari segi jumlah yang berada diluar negara Vietnam. Jumlah etnis Vietnam-Amerika mencapai lebih dari setengah populasi orang diaspora Vietnam (bahasa Vietnam: Người Việt hải ngoại) di seluruh dunia. Orang Vietnam-Amerika merupakan etnis Asia-Amerika terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat setelah etnis Tionghoa-Amerika, India-Amerika, dan Filipino-Amerika.
| Jumlah populasi | |
|---|---|
| 2.067.527[1] 0,8% dari total populasi penduduk Amerika Serikat (2016) | |
| Daerah dengan populasi signifikan | |
| Bahasa | |
| Bahasa Vietnam, bahasa Inggris Amerika, bahasa Perancis (generasi lama), bahasa Mandarin (bahasa Kanton, bahasa Teochew, bahasa Hokkien), Hmong | |
| Agama | |
| 43% Buddha, 30% Katolik Roma 20% Tidak beragama, 6% Protestan (2012)[3][4] | |
| Kelompok etnik terkait | |
| Etnis Vietnam, Orang Vietnam di luar negera, Vietnam-Kanada, Vietnam-Australia, Asia- Amerika, Tionghoa-Amerika, Hmong Amerika |
Imigrasi orang-orang dari wilayah Vietnam Selatan ke Amerika Serikat terjadi paska Perang Vietnam di tahun 1975. Pada mulanya kedatangan orang Vietnam ke Amerika Serikat adalah sebagai pengungsi perang. Mereka bermigrasi ke Amerika serikat melalui jalur laut dengan mengendarai perahu dengan tujuan utama untuk menghindari penganiyaan dan atau untuk alasan ekonomi. Lebih dari setengah populasi etnis Vietnam-Amerika menetap di negara bagian California dan Texas.[6]
Sejarah
The history of Vietnamese Americans is fairly recent. Before 1975, most Vietnamese residing in the US were the wives and children of American servicemen or academics. Records[7][8] indicate that a few Vietnamese (including Ho Chi Minh) arrived and performed menial work during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 650 Vietnamese arrived as immigrants between 1950 and 1974, but the figure excludes students, diplomats, and military trainees. The April 30, 1975 fall of Saigon, which ended the Vietnam War, prompted the first large-scale wave of immigration; many with close ties to America or the government South Vietnam government feared communist reprisals. Most of the first-wave immigrants were well-educated, financially comfortable, and proficient in English.[9] According to 1975 US State Department data, more than 30 percent of the heads of first-wave households were medical professionals or technical managers, 16.9 percent worked in transportation, and 11.7 percent had clerical or sales jobs in Vietnam. Less than 5 percent were fishermen or farmers.[10]
The evacuation of the immigrants was organized in three major ways. The week before Saigon fell, 15,000 people left on scheduled flights followed by an additional 80,000 also evacuated by air. The last group was carried on U.S. Navy ships.[11] During the spring of 1975 125,000 people left South Vietnam, followed by more than 5,000 in 1976-1977.[10] They arrived at reception camps in the Philippines and Guam before being transferred to temporary housing at U.S. military bases, including Camp Pendleton (California), Fort Chaffee (Arkansas), Eglin Air Force Base (Florida) and Fort Indiantown Gap (Pennsylvania). After preparations for resettlement, they were assigned to one of nine voluntary agencies (VOLAGs) to help them find financial and personal support from sponsors in the U.S.[9][11]
South Vietnamese refugees were initially resented by Americans, since the memory of defeat was fresh; according to a 1975 poll, only 36 percent of Americans favored Vietnamese immigration. However, the U.S. government informed public opinion as it felt that it had a moral obligation to the refugees, and President Gerald Ford and Congress both agreed to pass the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act in 1975, which allowed Vietnamese refugees to enter the United States under a special status and allocated $405 million in resettlement aid. To prevent the refugees from forming ethnic enclaves and minimize their impact on local communities, they were distributed throughout the country,[9] but within a few years, many resettled in California and Texas.
A second wave of Vietnamese refugees arrived from 1978 to the mid-1980s. Political and economic instability under the new communist government led to a migration unprecedented in Vietnam. South Vietnamese, particularly former military officers and government employees, were sent to "reeducation camps," which were really concentration camps, for intensive political indoctrination. Famine was widespread, and businesses were seized and nationalized. Chinese-Vietnamese relations soured when China became Vietnam's adversary in the brief Sino-Vietnamese War.[9] To escape, many South Vietnamese fled on small, unsafe, crowded fishing boats. Over 70 percent of the first immigrants were from urban areas, but the "boat people" were generally lower socioeconomically, as most were peasant farmers or fishermen, small-town merchants or former military officials. Survivors were picked up by foreign ships and brought to asylum camps in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and the Philippines from which they entered countries that agreed to accept them.[9][10][11]
The plight of the boat people compelled the US to act, and the Refugee Act of 1980 eased restrictions on the entry of Vietnamese refugees. From 1978 to 1982, 280,500 Vietnamese refugees were admitted[9] In 1979, the Orderly Departure Program (ODP) was established under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to allow emigration from Vietnam to the US and other countries. Additional legislation permitted Amerasian children and former political prisoners and their families to enter the US. Vietnamese immigration peaked in 1992, when many re-education-camp inmates were released and sponsored by their families in the US. Between 1981 and 2000, the country accepted 531,310 Vietnamese political refugees and asylum-seekers.
By the early 1980s, a secondary resettlement was underway. Vietnamese refugees were initially scattered throughout the country in wherever they could find sponsorship. The majority (27,199) settled in California, followed by 9,130 in Texas and 3,500 to 7,000 each in Pennsylvania, Florida, Washington, Illinois, New York, and Louisiana. Economic and social factors, many then moved to warmer states, such as California and Texas, with larger Vietnamese communities, better jobs, and social safety nets.[9][10][11]
Demografi
Tantangan dalam proses integrasi
Gerakan Politik
Sosioekonomi
Budaya
Agama
Tokoh Vietnam-Amerika
Seniman
Aktor dan Aktris
- James Duval – aktor
- Lance Krall – aktor dan bintang dari FREE RADIO pada stasiun televisi VH1.
- Hiep Thi Le – Aktris yang berperan dalam film Heaven & Earth.
- Jeannie Mai – seniman rias, ahli fesyen, aktris, personalitas televisi dan model.
- Dustin Nguyen – aktor.[12]
- Maggie Q – mantan model dan aktris pada film Mission: Impossible III.[13]
- Jonathan Ke Quan – aktor cilik pada film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and The Goonies.[14]
- Nguyen Stanton – aktris, model, bermain dalam film Zero Charisma.
- Rosie Tran – penulis, aktris, dan komedian.
- Thuy Trang – aktris yang dikenal memainkan peran sebagai ranger kuning pada salah satu seri Power Rangers.[15]
- Kathy Uyen – aktris, produser, dan penulis.
- Kieu Chinh – aktris, produser, dan penulis.
- Xanthe Huynh – aktris pengisi suara serial anime dalam bahasa Inggris.
- Ali Wong - aktris, pelawak, dan penulis. Dikenal luas saat bermain dalam film American Housewife.
- Lana Condor – aktris yang berperan sebagaiJubilee pada seri film X-Men: Apocalypse.
- Kelly Marie Tran – aktris yang dikenal berperan sebagai Rose Tico dalam seri film Star Wars: The Last Jedi.
- Hong Chau — aktris yang dikenal bermain di film Downsizing.
- Ian Alexander — aktor pada serial televisi The OA.
Pembawa berita dan reporter
- Betty Nguyen – Pembawa berita pada CBS Early Morning News dan mantan pembawa berita CNN.[16]
- Mary Nguyen – Reporter sekaligus keturunan Asia-Amerika pertama yang memenangkan gelar Miss Teenage America.[17][18]
- Leyna Nguyen – Pembawa acara pemenang Penghargaan Emmy.[19]
- Thuy Vu – Pembawa acara pemenang Penghargaan Emmy dan reporter televisi CBS-5 di San Francisco.
Sutradara
- Doan Hoang – Sutradara dan produser film dokumenter PBS yang menceritakan tentang Perang Vietnam berjudul Oh, Saigon.
- Steve Nguyen – Sutradara dan produser film.
- Linh Nga – Sutradara dan produser film.[20]
- Michael Dougherty - Sutradara dan penulis naskah film Trick 'r Treat.
Grup Tari
- Jabbawockeez
- Jeff "Phi" Nguyen
- Poreotics – pemenang America's Best Dance Crew musim 5
- Matthew "Dumbo" Vinh Quoc Nguyen
- Charles Viet Nguyen
- Can Trong "Candy" Nguyen
Musisi
- Chau-Giang Thi Nguyen – pianis dan artis.[21][22][23][24]
- Cuong Vu – pemenang Penghargaan Grammy, musisi jazz dan vokalis.[25]
- Tyga – rapper keturunan Vietnam-Jamaika yang bernaung di label rekaman Young Money dan Cash Money Records
Artis dan lainnya
- Thuc Doan Nguyen - Penulis naskah
- Chloe Dao – perancang busana dan pemenang acara televisi Project Runway.[26]
- Dat Phan – pelawak dan pemenang acara Last Comic Standing.[27]
- Jonas Bevacqua – perancang busana.
- Michelle Phan – pemilik kanal YouTube bertema kecantikan.
- Linda Le – cosplayer dan model
- Hung Huynh – juru masak dan pemenang musim ketiga acara televisi Top Chef.
- Tom Vu – ikon infomersial icon, pemain poker profesional dan investor real estate.
- Tila Tequila – pernah menjadi sosok wanita paling populer di MySpace; memandu sebuah acara di kanal MTV; pernah tampil dalam majalah FHM.
- Christine Ha – peserta tunanetra pertama yang berkompetisi MasterChef dan menjadi juara pada musim tersebut.
- John Eklund – fotografer.
- Phong Bui – artis, penulis, kurator, co-founder, editor-in-chief pada majalah The Brooklyn Rail.[28]
- Karrueche Tran - Model dan aktris.
- Truong Tran - Penyair dan artis.
Pebisnis
- Trung Dung – pendiri OnDisplay.
- Frank Jao – pelopor berdirinya Little Saigon, Westminster, California, dan Asian Garden Mall.
- Bill Nguyen – pendiri onebox.com dan lala.com.[29]
- David Tran – pendiri Huy Fong Foods yang membuat Sriracha.
- Thuan Pham – Chief Technology Officer dari perusahaan startup Uber.[30]
- Kieu Hoang – Jutawan yang bergerak dalam bisnis farmasi.[31]
Sastrawan dan wartawan
- Aimee Phan – penulis buku We Should Never Meet.[32]
- Andrew X. Pham – Penulis buku Catfish and Mandala: A Two-Wheeled Voyage Through the Landscape and Memory of Vietnam (1999)
- Chau Nguyen – Pembaca berita dan wartawan; orang Vietnam-Amerika yang dianugerahi Penghargaan Emmy.
- Đoàn Văn Toại – Penulis buku The Vietnamese Gulag.
- Huỳnh Sanh Thông – Penulis buku An Anthology of Vietnamese Poems: From the Eleventh through the Twentieth Centuries.
- Kien Nguyen – Penulis buku The Unwanted, a Memoir of Childhood.
- Lan Cao – Mantan pengacara, profesor hukum, dan penulis buku Monkey Bridge.
- Le Ly Hayslip – Penulis buku When Heaven and Earth Changed Places.
- Le Thi Diem Thuy – Penulis novel The Gangster We Are All Looking For.
- Mong-Lan – Seorang dosen di perguruan tinggi dan penulis buku of Song of the Cicadas.[33]
- Monique Truong – Penulis buku The Book of Salt.[34]
- Nguyễn Chí Thiện – Penyair dan pemenang penghargaan puisi internasional tahun 1985.
- Nguyen Do – Penyair, penyunting, dan penerjemah, penulis buku Black Dog, Black Night Contemporary Vietnamese Poetry (2008) dan Beyond the Court Gate: Selected Poems of Nguyen Trai (2010).
- Nguyen Qui Duc – Seorang eseis, produser radio, dan penulis buku Where the Ashes Are: The Odyssey of a Vietnamese Family.
- Lê Xuân Nhuận – Pengarang puisi berbahasa Vietnam; aktivis hak asasi manusia; penulis Poems by Selected Vietnamese.[35]
- Ocean Vuong - Penyair dan pemenang Penghargaan Whiting tahun 2016.
- Quang X. Pham – Penulis dan pendiri Lathian Systems.
- Stephanie Trong – Seorang Penyunting di majalah Jane.
- Trinh T. Minh-ha – Penulis dan pembuat film.
- Ut Huynh Cong – Fotografer dan orang Vietnam-Amerika pertama yang memenangkan penghargaan Penghargaan Pulitzer untuk kategori fotografi berita olahraga tahun 1973.
- Viet Thanh Nguyen – Penulis buku The Sympathizer, peraih Penghargaan Pulitzer untuk kategori karya fiksi.
- Vu Tran - Penuls buku Dragonfish: A Novel.
- Linh Dinh - Penyair, penulis, penerjemah, dan fotografer.
Militer
- Viet Xuan Luong – Brigadir Jendral, orang keturunan Vietnam-Amerika pertama yang menjadi komandan brigade di Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat.[36][37][38][39]
- Lapthe Flora – Etnis Vietnam-Amerika pertama yang mendapatkan promosi menjadi Brigadir Jendral di Virginia National Guard.[40]
- Lê Bá Hùng – Kapten Angkatan Laut pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika; mengomandoi USS Lassen (DDG 82) misil penghancur.[41]
- Nguyễn Ngọc Loan – Brigadir Jendral Tentara Republik Vietnam.
- Nguyễn Văn Kiệt – Bintara tingkat tiga di angkatan bersenjata Tentara Republik Vietnam dan penerima bintang penghargaan dari Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat.
- Nguyễn Qúy An – Seorang Mayor di Angkatan Udara Tentara Republik Vietnam sekaligus penerima Distinguished Flying Cross dari Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat.
- Quang X. Pham – Anggota Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat keturunan Vietnam-Amerika.
- Ngô Quang Trưởng – Mantan Letnan Jendral Tentara Republik Vietnam dan penulis.
- Lê Minh Đảo – Mantan Mayor Jendral Tentara Republik Vietnam.
- William H. Seely III - Seorang Jendral di Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat.
- Trần Quang Khôi – Mantan Brigadir Jendral Tentara Republik Vietnam.
Hukum dan Politik
- Steve Le – Anggota dewan untuk Disktirk F dari Dewan Kota Houston di Texas.
- Hubert Vo – Anggota dewan perwakilan negara bagian Texas dari partai Demokrat.[42]
- Janet Nguyen – Senator (dari partai Republik) keturunan Vietnam-Amerika pertama di Amerika Serikat.
- John Quoc Duong – Direktur Pelaksana Gedung Putih untuk urusan keturunan Asia Amerika dan etnis kepulauan Pasifik dan anggota partai Republik.[43]
- John Tran – Walikota Rosemead negara bagian California, Walikota pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika di Amerika Serikat, dan anggota partai Demokrat.
- Joseph Cao – Anggota Kongres pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika yang mewakili negara bagian Louisiana. Anggota partai Republik.
- Kok Ksor – Presiden Yayasan Montagnard.[44]
- Lan Cao – Profesor hukum dan seorang penulis novel.[45]
- Jacqueline H. Nguyen – Hakim federal pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika[46] dan wanita keturunan Asia-Amerika pertama yang menduduki posisi sebagai hakim federal.[47]
- Madison Nguyen – Anggota Dewan Kota San Jose dan Wakil Walikota San Jose, negara bagian California.
- Mina Nguyen – Wakil Sekretaris Asisten untuk Urusan Bisnis dan Hubungan Masyarakat di Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat.[48]
- Huu Chanh Nguyen – Pendiri dan mantan Perdana Menteri Pemerintah Vietnam Merdeka.
- Phuc Buu Chanh Nguyen – Presiden Liga Monarki Konstitusional Vietnam, anggota keluarga Dinasti Nguyen.[49]
- Stephanie Murphy – Anggota Kongres wanita pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika dari perwakilan negara bagian Florida.[50]
- Tony Lam – Anggota Dewan Kota Westminster negara bagian California.
- Tri Ta - Walikota Westminster keturunan Vietnam-Amerika pertama.
- Van Tran – Anggota Majelis negara bagian California.[51]
- Viet D. Dinh – Mantan Assiten Jaksa Umum Amerika Serikat.[52]
- Amanda Nguyen — Presiden dan pendiri RISE (organisasi non-pemerintah).
- Dean Tran – Anggota legislatif pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika di negara bagian Massachusetts dan anggota partai Republik.
Ilmu pengetahuan dan pendidikan
.jpg)
- Han T. Dinh – Direktur Teknisi Kendaraan, United States Postal Service; pemenang "Closing of Circle Award" Gedung Putih tahun 2006.[53][54][55]
- Bui Tuong Phong – Pelopor grafis komputer; penemu model pemantulan Phong dan metode Phong Shading Interpolation.
- Duy-Loan Le – Insinyur di Texas Instruments.
- Eugene H. Trinh – Angkasawan NASA, orang Vietnam-Amerika pertama yang melakukan perjalanan ke luar angkasa. [56]
- Hồ Thành Việt, Pendiri perusahan pembuat perangkat lunak VNI di negara bagian California.
- Tue Nguyen – Sarjana dan peraih tujuh gelar dari Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[57][58]
- Jane Luu – Ahli astronomi, salah satu penemu sabuk Kuiper dan penemu banyak asteroid baru.[59]
- Nguyễn Xuân Vinh – professor teknik dirgantara Universitas Michigan. Orang keturunan Vietnam-Amerika pertama yang memenangkan Penghargaan Dirk Brouwer tahun 2006.[60]
- Tran Ngoc Huu – Penemu dan ilmuwan.
- Anh Duong Nguyet – Pembuat senjata thermobaric.
- Trịnh Xuân Thuận – Penulis The Birth of the Universe; ahli astrofisika; profesor astronomi di Universitas Virginia.
- Tuan Vo-Dinh – Penemu, profesor, dan Direktur Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics di Duke University. Berada pada urutan ke-43 dari jajaran 100 orang jenius yang masih hidup. [61]
- Xuong Nguyen-Huu – Profesor biologi di Universitas California, pelopor penelitian penyakit AIDS, penemu x-ray multiwire area detector.
- Đàm Thanh Sơn - Seorang Fisikawan Teoritis di Universiats Chicago, anggota National Academy of Sciences.
- Van H. Vu - Profesor Matematika di Universitas Yale.
- Ngô Bảo Châu - Profesor Matematika di Universitas Chicago; peraih medali Fields.
- SonBinh Nguyen - Profesor Kimia di Universitas Northwestern.[62]
- Thuc-Quyen Nguyen - Profesor Kimia di Universitas California.[63]
- Nghi Q. Lam - Mantan ilmuwan di Laboratorium Nasional Argonne, mantan penyunting di majalah Applied Physics Letters yang diterbitkan oleh American Institute of Physics.[64]
- Liem X. Dang - Seorang Ilmuwan diLaboratorium Nasional Argonne. [65]
Olahraga
.jpg)
Baseball
- Danny Graves – Pemain baseball di kompetisi MLB.[66]
- Jim Parque – Pemain baseball kidal sekaligus peraih medali perunggu pada Olimpiade Atlanta tahun 1996.
- Tommy Pham – Pemain baseball di kompetisi MLB.
Bela diri
- Cung Le – Petarung MMA mantan juara Strikeforce.[67]
- Dat Nguyen – Petinju.[68]
- Nam Phan – Petarung MMA.[69]
- Ben Nguyen – Petarung MMA dan UFC.
Poker
- Men Nguyen – Pemain poker profesional; sampai tahun 2010, total hadiah yang dia dapatkan dari turnamen poker lebih dari $ 9.700.000.[70]
- Scotty Nguyen – Pemain poker profesional.[71]
- David Pham – Pemain poker profesional, memenangkan dua kali kejuaraan dunia poker.[72]
- J.C. Tran – Pemain poker profesional; sampai tahun 2010, total hadiah yang dia dapatkan dari turnamen poker lebih dari $ 7.996.635.
- Mimi Tran – Pemain poker profesional; sampai tahun 2010, total hadiah yang dia dapatkan dari turnamen poker lebih dari $1.400.000.[73]
Cabang olahraga lainnya
- Howard Bach – Pemain badminton, mantan juara dunia tahun 2005.
- Catherine Mai Lan Fox – Peraih dua medali emas olimpiade cabang renang.
- Leta Lindley – Pemain golf.
- Lee Nguyen – Pemain sepak bola pada Major League Soccer, bermain untuk klub New England Revolution.
- Dat Nguyen – Pemain sepak bola amerika kompetisi NFL.[74]
- Don Nguyen – Pemain skateboard.
- Minh Thai – Pemanang kejuaraan Rubilk dunia tahun 1982 dengan catatan waktu 22,95 detik dan penulis buku The Winning Solution.
- Amy Tran – Pemain hoki.
Tokoh agama
- Luong Kim Dinh, Imam Katolik dan filsuf.
- Dominic Mai Thanh Lương, Uskup pembantu di Keuskupan Orange.
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS: 2016". U.S. Census Bureau. Diakses tanggal 24 September 2017.
- ^ http://hmongstudies.org/VietnameseAmericanPopulationsbyMetroArea.pdf
- ^ POLL July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19). "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Forum. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06.
- ^ "Pew Forum - Vietnamese Americans' Religions". Projects.pewforum.org. 2012-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06.
- ^ James M. Freeman. Vietnamese Americans. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-12.
- ^ "Southeast Asian Americans State Populations 2010 U.S. Census". Diakses tanggal 2017-12-12.
- ^ "Truong - Ancestry.com". Search.ancestry.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06.
- ^ "Nguyen - Ancestry.com". Search.ancestry.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wieder, Rosalie. "Vietnamese American". In Reference Library of Asian America, vol I, edited by Susan Gall and Irene Natividad, 165-173. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1996
- ^ a b c d Bankston, Carl L. “Vietnamese American.” In Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America vol 2, edited by Judy Galens, Anna Sheets, and Robyn V. Young, 1393-1407. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995
- ^ a b c d Nguyen-Hong-Nhiem, Lucy and Joel M.Halpen. "Vietnamese". In American Immigrant Cultures, vol 2, edited by David Levinson and Melvin Ember, pp. 923-930. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998
- ^ "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 10, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2012-10-20. "I was only the first Vietnamese kid in the state..."
- ^ [1] "She’s a gorgeous, Hawaiian born, Vietnamese/American actress, a model gone action star in films in Japan and China"
- ^ [2] "Vietnamese newcomer Ke Huy Quan makes a shrill debut..."
- ^ [3] "Vietnamese-American actress, and was born in Saigon, South Vietnam."
- ^ [4] "Like most Vietnamese-Americans, I was going to pursue a career that’s often regarded as bringing honor to the family..."
- ^ "Mary Nguyen". wftv.com.
- ^ LE, PHUONG (1993-02-21). "Teen Pageant Winner Is as Asian-American as Apple Pie : Heritage: Mary Nguyen, the new Miss Teenage America, is the daughter of Vietnamese refugees. This 'girl next door' is a straight-A student and a cheerleader". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0458-3035. Diakses tanggal 2016-03-27.
- ^ cbs2.com – CBS 2 KCAL 9 News Team Diarsipkan October 25, 2007, di Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Mối tình của đại gia tiêu 1 tỷ/ngày với nàng thơ xinh đẹp". nguoiduatin.vn. 21: 99. 2015.
- ^ Cindy Adams (April 26, 2013). "Chau-Giang Thi Nguyen, former fiancee of Brian Grazer, unveils her new paintings in SoHo with chef Laurent Tourondel". New York Post. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013.
- ^ "Brian Grazer's ex-fiancee still sports his diamond ring". New York Post. September 29, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ "Married Eric Schmidt dating concert pianist Chau-Giang Nguyen". New York Post. September 3, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ "Chau-Giang Thi Nguyen, Piano – Tuesday, October 23, 2012". Carnegie Hall. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ [5] "CUONG VU is a Vietnamese born jazz trumpeter"
- ^ [6] "That is, after all, how the 34-year-old Vietnamese-American refugee became a successful..."
- ^ [7] "Dat Phan is actually my real name. It's actually derived from China, even though I'm Vietnamese"
- ^ The Brooklyn Rail
- ^ [8] "Nguyen parlayed his ascending reputation and Onebox.com's buzz into an $850 million merger with Phone.com"
- ^ https://www.techinasia.com/refugee-from-vietnam-to-uber-cto-thuan-pham
- ^ https://www.forbes.com/profile/kieu-hoang/
- ^ [9] "Aimee Phan offers her observations as a Vietnamese American..."
- ^ UMass Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press
- ^ "Monique Truong". Houghton Mifflin. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ "Thanh Thanh". Lexuannhuan.tripod.com. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014.
- ^ Army Times http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/07/ap_vietnamese_american_commander_072309/
|url=tidak memiliki judul (bantuan). Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013. - ^ Spc. Chris McKenna, 3rd Brigade Combat Team. "Rakkasans welcome incoming leadership". The Fort Campbell Courier. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013.
- ^ "Military Operations in Afghanistan". C-SPAN Video Library. December 28, 2010. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013.
- ^ Vanden, Tom (December 28, 2010). "Coalition attacks sap key insurgents in Afghanistan". Usatoday.Com. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013.
- ^ "PN684 - 64 nominees for Army, 114th Congress (2015-2016)". www.congress.gov. 2015-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-10.
- ^ "First Vietnamese-American Navy Captain, Commander H.B. Le, Returns to Vietnam - ABC News". ABC News.
- ^ [10] "Hubert Vo: First Vietnamese American State Legislator in Texas"
- ^ [11] "Another notable Vietnamese American dedicated to public service is John Quoc Duong, who serves under President George W. Bush, as executive director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."
- ^ [12] "...led by Jarai-American Kok Ksor..."
- ^ [13] "It is the first novel by a Vietnamese-American about the war experience and its aftermath..."
- ^ [14]"Jacqueline H. Nguyen of L.A. confirmed to U.S. 9th Circuit Court," Los Angeles Times. May 7, 2012
- ^ "Onetime Vietnam refugee confirmed to be a federal appeals judge". latimes.com. May 8, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ (Siaran pers). www.treas.gov https://web.archive.org/web/20101123211328/http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp259.htm
|archiveurl=tidak memiliki judul (bantuan). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 23, 2010. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. - ^ "Biography of Prince Buu Chanh". Asianamerican.net. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/5-things-know-about-stephanie-murphy-first-vietnamese-american-woman-n680771
- ^ [15] "Orange County voters made Van Tran the highest-ranking Vietnamese American public official in the country this week when they elected him to the state Assembly."
- ^ [16] "Like many Vietnamese immigrants, Dinh's emotional experience in his homeland steered him toward the Republican Party..."
- ^ "Biography of Han Dinh". Asianamerican.net. April 21, 1993. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014.
- ^ "Postal Service Honored With White House Closing the Circle Awards for Biodiesel Fuel..." Prnewswire.com. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014.
- ^ "Phỏng vấn kỹ sư Đinh Trường Hân, người quản lý kỹ thuật của hơn 200,000 xe hơi của bưu điện Mỹ". Voatiengviet.com. September 11, 2006. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014.
- ^ Trinh - Diarsipkan December 24, 2005, di Wayback Machine.
- ^ "He Engineered a Record at MIT". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "VIET SCHOLAR EARNS 7 DEGREES FROM MIT". DeseretNews.com. November 17, 1988.
- ^ [17] "Vietnamese-American astronomer"
- ^ "Nguyen Xuan Vinh | Top Asian American Professionals | GOLDSEA". goldsea.com. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13.
- ^ Vo-Dinh has been ranked No. 43 on a list of the world's top 100 living geniuses in a survey conducted by Creators Synectics, a global consultants firm "Top 100 living geniuses". Telegraph.co.uk. London. October 31, 2007. Diakses tanggal June 19, 2008.
- ^ [18] "Highly Cited Researchers - Thomson Reuters"
- ^ [19] "2015 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researchers affiliated with the UC System"
- ^ [20] "Applied Physics Letters Editors"
- ^ [21] "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory staff information"
- ^ [22] "Graves, the only Vietnamese-born player in the major leagues, left Saigon when he was only 14 months old."
- ^ [23] "Growing up as a skinny Vietnamese refuge, Cung Le was an easy target for bullies..."
- ^ "New School Pick of the Week: Dat Nguyen – Boxing News". Boxingscene.com. November 9, 2009. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ "Fight Finder – Nam Phan's Mixed Martial Arts Statistics". Sherdog.com. March 13, 1983. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ [24] "Men Nguyen was born in Vietnam. At age 13 he quit school and began working as a bus driver. In 1978, when he was 24, he and other 87 Vietnamese people escaped from their native country by boat."
- ^ Yang, Jeff (October 27, 2005). "ASIAN POP All In". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ [25] "Like other Vietnamese players..."
- ^ [26] "Such is already the case with Mimi Tran, a Vietnamese émigré..."
- ^ [27] "Nguyen and 10 other Vietnamese boys were segregated to one team..."