Wikipedia

Orang Vietnam Amerika

Revisi sejak 13 Desember 2017 10.29 oleh Traveler Hoki (bicara | kontrib) (→Sosioekonomi)

Etnis Vietnam di Amerika Serikat (bahasa Vietnam: Người Mỹ gốc Việt) adalah orang-orang Amerika Serikat yang memiliki darah keturunan Vietnam.[5] Orang Vietnam-Amerika merupakan etnis Vietnam terbesar dari segi jumlah yang berada diluar negara Vietnam. Jumlah etnis Vietnam-Amerika mencapai lebih dari setengah populasi orang diaspora Vietnam (bahasa Vietnam: Người Việt hải ngoại) di seluruh dunia. Orang Vietnam-Amerika merupakan etnis Asia-Amerika terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat setelah etnis Tionghoa-Amerika, India-Amerika, dan Filipino-Amerika.

Vietnam-Amerika
Người Mỹ gốc Việt
Jumlah populasi
2.067.527[1]
0,8% dari total populasi penduduk Amerika Serikat (2016)
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Bahasa
Bahasa Vietnam, bahasa Inggris Amerika, bahasa Perancis (generasi lama), bahasa Mandarin (bahasa Kanton, bahasa Teochew, bahasa Hokkien), Hmong
Agama
43% Buddha, 30% Katolik Roma
20% Tidak beragama, 6% Protestan (2012)[3][4]
Kelompok etnik terkait
Etnis Vietnam, Orang Vietnam di luar negera, Vietnam-Kanada, Vietnam-Australia, Asia- Amerika, Tionghoa-Amerika, Hmong Amerika

Imigrasi orang-orang dari wilayah Vietnam Selatan ke Amerika Serikat terjadi paska Perang Vietnam di tahun 1975. Pada mulanya kedatangan orang Vietnam ke Amerika Serikat adalah sebagai pengungsi perang. Mereka bermigrasi ke Amerika serikat melalui jalur laut dengan mengendarai perahu dengan tujuan utama untuk menghindari penganiyaan dan atau untuk alasan ekonomi. Lebih dari setengah populasi etnis Vietnam-Amerika menetap di negara bagian California dan Texas.[6]

Sejarah

Sejarah kedatangan para imigran Vietnam ke Amerika Serikat terbilang cukup baru dibandingkan dengan imigran dari etnis lain. Sebelum berakhirnya masa Perang Vietnam di tahun 1975, sebagian besar etnis Vietnam yang tinggal di Amerika Serikat adalah para istri dan anak-anak dari orang Amerika. The history of Vietnamese Americans is fairly recent. Before 1975, most Vietnamese residing in the US were the wives and children of American servicemen or academics. Records[7][8] indicate that a few Vietnamese (including Ho Chi Minh) arrived and performed menial work during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 650 Vietnamese arrived as immigrants between 1950 and 1974, but the figure excludes students, diplomats, and military trainees. The April 30, 1975 fall of Saigon, which ended the Vietnam War, prompted the first large-scale wave of immigration; many with close ties to America or the government South Vietnam government feared communist reprisals. Most of the first-wave immigrants were well-educated, financially comfortable, and proficient in English.[9] According to 1975 US State Department data, more than 30 percent of the heads of first-wave households were medical professionals or technical managers, 16.9 percent worked in transportation, and 11.7 percent had clerical or sales jobs in Vietnam. Less than 5 percent were fishermen or farmers.[10]

 
Vietnamese refugees at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, during the late 1970s

The evacuation of the immigrants was organized in three major ways. The week before Saigon fell, 15,000 people left on scheduled flights followed by an additional 80,000 also evacuated by air. The last group was carried on U.S. Navy ships.[11] During the spring of 1975 125,000 people left South Vietnam, followed by more than 5,000 in 1976-1977.[10] They arrived at reception camps in the Philippines and Guam before being transferred to temporary housing at U.S. military bases, including Camp Pendleton (California), Fort Chaffee (Arkansas), Eglin Air Force Base (Florida) and Fort Indiantown Gap (Pennsylvania). After preparations for resettlement, they were assigned to one of nine voluntary agencies (VOLAGs) to help them find financial and personal support from sponsors in the U.S.[9][11]

South Vietnamese refugees were initially resented by Americans, since the memory of defeat was fresh; according to a 1975 poll, only 36 percent of Americans favored Vietnamese immigration. However, the U.S. government informed public opinion as it felt that it had a moral obligation to the refugees, and President Gerald Ford and Congress both agreed to pass the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act in 1975, which allowed Vietnamese refugees to enter the United States under a special status and allocated $405 million in resettlement aid. To prevent the refugees from forming ethnic enclaves and minimize their impact on local communities, they were distributed throughout the country,[9] but within a few years, many resettled in California and Texas.

 
Crewmen of the USS Durham (LKA-114) take Vietnamese refugees from a small craft in 1975.

A second wave of Vietnamese refugees arrived from 1978 to the mid-1980s. Political and economic instability under the new communist government led to a migration unprecedented in Vietnam. South Vietnamese, particularly former military officers and government employees, were sent to "reeducation camps," which were really concentration camps, for intensive political indoctrination. Famine was widespread, and businesses were seized and nationalized. Chinese-Vietnamese relations soured when China became Vietnam's adversary in the brief Sino-Vietnamese War.[9] To escape, many South Vietnamese fled on small, unsafe, crowded fishing boats. Over 70 percent of the first immigrants were from urban areas, but the "boat people" were generally lower socioeconomically, as most were peasant farmers or fishermen, small-town merchants or former military officials. Survivors were picked up by foreign ships and brought to asylum camps in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and the Philippines from which they entered countries that agreed to accept them.[9][10][11]

The plight of the boat people compelled the US to act, and the Refugee Act of 1980 eased restrictions on the entry of Vietnamese refugees. From 1978 to 1982, 280,500 Vietnamese refugees were admitted[9] In 1979, the Orderly Departure Program (ODP) was established under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to allow emigration from Vietnam to the US and other countries. Additional legislation permitted Amerasian children and former political prisoners and their families to enter the US. Vietnamese immigration peaked in 1992, when many re-education-camp inmates were released and sponsored by their families in the US. Between 1981 and 2000, the country accepted 531,310 Vietnamese political refugees and asylum-seekers.

By the early 1980s, a secondary resettlement was underway. Vietnamese refugees were initially scattered throughout the country in wherever they could find sponsorship. The majority (27,199) settled in California, followed by 9,130 in Texas and 3,500 to 7,000 each in Pennsylvania, Florida, Washington, Illinois, New York, and Louisiana. Economic and social factors, many then moved to warmer states, such as California and Texas, with larger Vietnamese communities, better jobs, and social safety nets.[9][10][11]

Demografi

 
Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States

According to U.S. Census Bureau, the median household income for Vietnamese Americans was $64,191 in 2016[12] In 2015, 30% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a Bachelor's degree or higher. Specifically, 21% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a Bachelor's degree (37% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 18% for Foreign born Vietnamese) and 8.9% had attained a Postgraduate degree (14% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 7% for Foreign born Vietnamese) compared to 19% Bachelor's degree attainment and 11% Postgraduate degree attainment among the American population in general.[13] As a relatively-recent immigrant group, most Vietnamese Americans are either first or second generation Americans. As many as one million people five years of age and older speak Vietnamese at home, making it the seventh-most-spoken language in the U.S. In the 2012 American Community Survey (ACS), 76 percent of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized U.S. citizens (compared to 67 percent of people from Southeast Asia and 46 percent of the total U.S. foreign-born population). Of those born outside the United States, 73.1 percent entered before 2000, 21.2 percent from 2000 and 2009 and 5.7 percent after 2010.[14]

In 2016 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the total population of Vietnamese American was 2,067,527 (92.9% reporting one race, 6.5% reporting two races, 0.5% reporting three races, and 0.1% reporting four or more races).[15] California and Texas had the highest concentrations of Vietnamese Americans: 40 and 12 percent, respectively. Other states with concentrations of Vietnamese Americans were Washington, Florida (four percent each) and Virginia (three percent).[16] The largest number of Vietnamese outside Vietnam is in Orange County, California (184,153, or 6.1 percent of the county's population),[17] followed by Los Angeles and Santa Clara counties; the three counties accounted for 26 percent of the Vietnamese immigrant population in the United States.[16] Many Vietnamese American businesses exist in the Little Saigon of Westminster and Garden Grove, where Vietnamese Americans make up 40.2 and 27.7 percent of the population respectively. About 41 percent of the Vietnamese immigrant population lives in five major metropolitan areas: in descending order, Los Angeles, San Jose, Houston, San Francisco and Dallas-Fort Worth.[16] The Vietnamese immigration pattern has shifted to other states, including Denver, Boston, Chicago, Oklahoma (Oklahoma City and Tulsa in particular) and Oregon (Portland in particular).[butuh rujukan]

Populasi historis
Tahun Jumlah
Pend.  		±%  
1980 261.729—    
1990 614.517+134.8%
2000 1.122.528+82.7%
2010 1.548.449+37.9%

Vietnamese Americans are more likely to be Christians than the Vietnamese in Vietnam. Christians (mainly Roman Catholics) make up about six percent of Vietnam's population and about 23 percent of the Vietnamese American population.[19] Due to hostility between Communists and Catholics in Vietnam, many Catholics fled the country after the Communist takeover.

In 2015, 14.3 percent of Vietnamese Americans lived under the poverty line, lower than the poverty rate for all American at 14.7% percent[20]

Tantangan dalam proses integrasi

Gerakan Politik

Sosioekonomi

Income

According to U.S. Census Bureau, in 2016 the median household income for Vietnamese Americans was $64,191[21]compared to $57,617 for the overall U.S. population. [22]

Economics

In 2015, 14.3 percent of Vietnamese Americans lived under the poverty line lower than the poverty rate for all American at 14.7% percent[23]

Employment

The U.S. Census Bureau reports in 2016 among working Vietnamese Americans (civilian employed population 16 years and over): 32.9% had management, business, science, and arts occupations; 30.9% had service occupations; 17.0% had sales and office occupations, 4.3% had reported natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations; and 15% had natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.[24]

Education

In 2015, 30% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a Bachelor's degree or higher. Specifically, 21% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a Bachelor's degree (37% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 18% for Foreign born Vietnamese) and 8.9% had attained a Postgraduate degree (14% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 7% for Foreign born Vietnamese) compared to 19% Bachelor's degree attainment and 11% Postgraduate degree attainment among the American population in general.[25]

English proficiency

In 2017, 51% of Vietnamese in the U.S. reported as being English proficient. [26]

View of education

The Vietnamese parents consider children's educational achievements a source of pride for the family, encouraging their children to excel in school and to enter professional fields as the ticket to a better life. Vietnam's traditional Confucianist society values education and learning, and many Vietnamese Americans have worked their way up from menial labor to have their second-generation children attend college and become successful. Compared to other Asian immigrant groups, Vietnamese Americans are optimistic about their children's future; forty-eight percent believe that their children’s standard of living will be better than theirs.[27]

Student associations

A number of colleges have a Vietnamese Student Association, and an annual conference is hosted by the Union of North American Vietnamese Student Associations for current or future members.[28]

Budaya

 
Tết Festival in Little Saigon, Orange County, California

While adapting to a new country, Vietnamese Americans have tried to preserve their traditional culture by teaching their children the Vietnamese language, wearing traditional dress (áo dài) for special occasions and showcasing their cuisine in restaurants throughout the country. Family loyalty is the most important Vietnamese cultural characteristic, and more than two generations traditionally lived under one roof. The Vietnamese view a family as including maternal and paternal grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins. In adapting to American culture, most Vietnamese American families have adopted the nuclear pattern while trying to maintain close ties with their extended families.[10]

Vietnamese family culture is reflected in veneration of the dead. On the anniversary of an ancestor's death (ngày giỗ), relatives gather for a festive meal and to share stories about the person's children, works or community.[9] In a typical Vietnamese family, parents see themselves with a vital role in their children's lives; according to a survey, 71 percent of Vietnamese-American parents said that being a good parent is one of the most important things in their lives.[27] Generations of Vietnamese were taught to help their families without question, and many Vietnamese Americans send American goods and money and sponsor relatives' trips or immigration to the U.S. In 2013, remittances sent to Vietnam via formal channels totaled $11 billion, a tenfold increase from the late 1990s.[16]

 
Vietnamese community float at the Portland Rose Festival parade

Vietnamese Americans observe holidays based on their lunisolar calendar, with Tết Nguyên Đán (commonly known as Tết) the most important. Falling in late January or early February, Tết marks the lunar new year. Although the full holiday lasts for seven days, the first three days are celebrated with visits to relatives, teachers and friends. For Tết, the Vietnamese commemorate their ancestors with memorial feasts (including traditional foods such as square and round sticky-rice cakes: bánh chưng and bánh giầy) and visits to their ancestors' graves.[9][10][11] For Vietnamese Americans, the celebration of Tết is simpler. In California, Texas and other states with substantial Vietnamese communities, Vietnamese Americans celebrate Tết by visiting their relatives and friends, watching community-sponsored dragon dances and visiting temples or churches.[10][11]

Tết Trung Nguyên (Wandering Souls' Day, on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month) and Tết Trung Thu (Children's Day or the Mid-Autumn Festival, on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month) are also celebrated by many Vietnamese Americans. For Tết Trung Nguyên, food, money and clothes made of special paper are prepared to worship the wandering souls of ancestors. Along with Tết Nguyên Đán, Tết Trung Thu is a favorite children's holiday; children holding colorful lanterns form a procession and follow a parade of lion dances and drums.[9][10][11]

Agama

Forty-three percent of Vietnamese Americans are Buddhist.[3] Many practice Mahayana Buddhism,[9][10] Taoism, Confucianism and animist practices (including ancestor veneration) influenced by Chinese folk religion.[29] Twenty-nine to forty percent of Vietnamese Americans are Roman Catholic, a legacy of Operation Passage to Freedom. A smaller, but increasing, number are Protestants.[29]

There are 150 to 165 Vietnamese Buddhist temples in the United States, with most observing a mixture of Pure Land (Tịnh Độ Tông) and Zen (Thiền) doctrines and practices.[30][31] Most temples are small, consisting of a converted house with one or two resident monks or nuns.[30] Two of the most prominent figures in Vietnamese-American Buddhism are Thich Thien-An and Thich Nhat Hanh.[31]

Tokoh Vietnam-Amerika

Seniman

Aktor dan Aktris

 
Dustin Nguyen
 
Maggie Q

Pembawa berita dan reporter

Sutradara

Grup Tari

Musisi

Artis dan lainnya

Pebisnis

Sastrawan dan wartawan

Berkas:LeXuanNhuan.jpeg
Nhuan Xuan Le

Militer

Hukum dan Politik

 
Jacqueline H. Nguyen
 
Viet D. Dinh
  • Steve Le – Anggota dewan untuk Disktirk F dari Dewan Kota Houston di Texas.
  • Hubert Vo – Anggota dewan perwakilan negara bagian Texas dari partai Demokrat.[62]
  • Janet Nguyen – Senator (dari partai Republik) keturunan Vietnam-Amerika pertama di Amerika Serikat.
  • John Quoc Duong – Direktur Pelaksana Gedung Putih untuk urusan keturunan Asia Amerika dan etnis kepulauan Pasifik dan anggota partai Republik.[63]
  • John Tran – Walikota Rosemead negara bagian California, Walikota pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika di Amerika Serikat, dan anggota partai Demokrat.
  • Joseph Cao – Anggota Kongres pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika yang mewakili negara bagian Louisiana. Anggota partai Republik.
  • Kok Ksor – Presiden Yayasan Montagnard.[64]
  • Lan Cao – Profesor hukum dan seorang penulis novel.[65]
  • Jacqueline H. Nguyen – Hakim federal pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika[66] dan wanita keturunan Asia-Amerika pertama yang menduduki posisi sebagai hakim federal.[67]
  • Madison Nguyen – Anggota Dewan Kota San Jose dan Wakil Walikota San Jose, negara bagian California.
  • Mina Nguyen – Wakil Sekretaris Asisten untuk Urusan Bisnis dan Hubungan Masyarakat di Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat.[68]
  • Huu Chanh Nguyen – Pendiri dan mantan Perdana Menteri Pemerintah Vietnam Merdeka.
  • Phuc Buu Chanh Nguyen – Presiden Liga Monarki Konstitusional Vietnam, anggota keluarga Dinasti Nguyen.[69]
  • Stephanie Murphy – Anggota Kongres wanita pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika dari perwakilan negara bagian Florida.[70]
  • Tony Lam – Anggota Dewan Kota Westminster negara bagian California.
  • Tri Ta - Walikota Westminster keturunan Vietnam-Amerika pertama.
  • Van Tran – Anggota Majelis negara bagian California.[71]
  • Viet D. Dinh – Mantan Assiten Jaksa Umum Amerika Serikat.[72]
  • Amanda Nguyen — Presiden dan pendiri RISE (organisasi non-pemerintah).
  • Dean Tran – Anggota legislatif pertama keturunan Vietnam-Amerika di negara bagian Massachusetts dan anggota partai Republik.

Ilmu pengetahuan dan pendidikan

 
Eugene H. Trinh
 
Han Dinh

Olahraga

 
Cung Le
 
Leta Lindley

Baseball

Bela diri

Poker
  • Men Nguyen – Pemain poker profesional; sampai tahun 2010, total hadiah yang dia dapatkan dari turnamen poker lebih dari $ 9.700.000.[90]
  • Scotty Nguyen – Pemain poker profesional.[91]
  • David Pham – Pemain poker profesional, memenangkan dua kali kejuaraan dunia poker.[92]
  • J.C. Tran – Pemain poker profesional; sampai tahun 2010, total hadiah yang dia dapatkan dari turnamen poker lebih dari $ 7.996.635.
  • Mimi Tran – Pemain poker profesional; sampai tahun 2010, total hadiah yang dia dapatkan dari turnamen poker lebih dari $1.400.000.[93]

Cabang olahraga lainnya

Tokoh agama

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS: 2016". U.S. Census Bureau. Diakses tanggal 24 September 2017. 
  2. ^ http://hmongstudies.org/VietnameseAmericanPopulationsbyMetroArea.pdf
  3. ^ a b POLL July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19). "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Forum. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06. 
  4. ^ "Pew Forum - Vietnamese Americans' Religions". Projects.pewforum.org. 2012-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06. 
  5. ^ James M. Freeman. Vietnamese Americans. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-12. 
  6. ^ "Southeast Asian Americans State Populations 2010 U.S. Census". Diakses tanggal 2017-12-12. 
  7. ^ "Truong - Ancestry.com". Search.ancestry.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06. 
  8. ^ "Nguyen - Ancestry.com". Search.ancestry.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wieder, Rosalie. "Vietnamese American". In Reference Library of Asian America, vol I, edited by Susan Gall and Irene Natividad, 165-173. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1996
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bankston, Carl L. “Vietnamese American.” In Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America vol 2, edited by Judy Galens, Anna Sheets, and Robyn V. Young, 1393-1407. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Nguyen-Hong-Nhiem, Lucy and Joel M.Halpen. "Vietnamese". In American Immigrant Cultures, vol 2, edited by David Levinson and Melvin Ember, pp. 923-930. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998
  12. ^ https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_1YR/S0201//popgroup~048
  13. ^ http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/
  14. ^ "2012 American Community Survey: Selected Population Profile in the United States". United States Census Bureau. 
  15. ^ https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_1YR/S0201//popgroup~048
  16. ^ a b c d "Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States". www.migrationpolicy.org. Migration Information Source. 
  17. ^ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES". United States Census Bureau. 
  18. ^ "The Vietnamese Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2013-07-06. 
  19. ^ Bankston, Carl L. III. 2000. "Vietnamese American Catholicism: Transplanted and Flourishing." U.S. Catholic Historian 18 (1): 36-53
  20. ^ http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet
  21. ^ https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_1YR/S0201//popgroup~048
  22. ^ https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_R1901.US01PRF&prodType=table
  23. ^ http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet
  24. ^ https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_1YR/S0201//popgroup~048
  25. ^ http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/
  26. ^ http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/
  27. ^ a b "Vietnamese American". PewResearch Social & Demographic Trends. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2014. 
  28. ^ Bronner, Simon J.; Clark, Cindy Dell (21 March 2016). Youth Cultures in America. ABC-CLIO, 2016. hlm. 647. ISBN 1440833923. 
  29. ^ a b Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 1204–1206. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. 
  30. ^ a b Laderman, Gary; Luis D. León (2003). Religion and American cultures. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 60. ISBN 978-1-57607-238-7. 
  31. ^ a b Prebish, Charles S. (1 December 2003). Buddhism—the American Experience. JBE Online Books. hlm. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-9747055-0-7. 
  32. ^ "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 10, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2012-10-20.  "I was only the first Vietnamese kid in the state..."
  33. ^ [1] "She’s a gorgeous, Hawaiian born, Vietnamese/American actress, a model gone action star in films in Japan and China"
  34. ^ [2] "Vietnamese newcomer Ke Huy Quan makes a shrill debut..."
  35. ^ [3] "Vietnamese-American actress, and was born in Saigon, South Vietnam."
  36. ^ [4] "Like most Vietnamese-Americans, I was going to pursue a career that’s often regarded as bringing honor to the family..."
  37. ^ "Mary Nguyen". wftv.com. 
  38. ^ LE, PHUONG (1993-02-21). "Teen Pageant Winner Is as Asian-American as Apple Pie : Heritage: Mary Nguyen, the new Miss Teenage America, is the daughter of Vietnamese refugees. This 'girl next door' is a straight-A student and a cheerleader". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0458-3035. Diakses tanggal 2016-03-27. 
  39. ^ cbs2.com – CBS 2 KCAL 9 News Team Diarsipkan October 25, 2007, di Wayback Machine.
  40. ^ "Mối tình của đại gia tiêu 1 tỷ/ngày với nàng thơ xinh đẹp". nguoiduatin.vn. 21: 99. 2015. 
  41. ^ Cindy Adams (April 26, 2013). "Chau-Giang Thi Nguyen, former fiancee of Brian Grazer, unveils her new paintings in SoHo with chef Laurent Tourondel". New York Post. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013. 
  42. ^ "Brian Grazer's ex-fiancee still sports his diamond ring". New York Post. September 29, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  43. ^ "Married Eric Schmidt dating concert pianist Chau-Giang Nguyen". New York Post. September 3, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  44. ^ "Chau-Giang Thi Nguyen, Piano – Tuesday, October 23, 2012". Carnegie Hall. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  45. ^ [5] "CUONG VU is a Vietnamese born jazz trumpeter"
  46. ^ [6] "That is, after all, how the 34-year-old Vietnamese-American refugee became a successful..."
  47. ^ [7] "Dat Phan is actually my real name. It's actually derived from China, even though I'm Vietnamese"
  48. ^ The Brooklyn Rail
  49. ^ [8] "Nguyen parlayed his ascending reputation and Onebox.com's buzz into an $850 million merger with Phone.com"
  50. ^ https://www.techinasia.com/refugee-from-vietnam-to-uber-cto-thuan-pham
  51. ^ https://www.forbes.com/profile/kieu-hoang/
  52. ^ [9] "Aimee Phan offers her observations as a Vietnamese American..."
  53. ^ UMass Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press
  54. ^ "Monique Truong". Houghton Mifflin. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  55. ^ "Thanh Thanh". Lexuannhuan.tripod.com. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014. 
  56. ^ Army Times http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/07/ap_vietnamese_american_commander_072309/ |url= tidak memiliki judul (bantuan). Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013. 
  57. ^ Spc. Chris McKenna, 3rd Brigade Combat Team. "Rakkasans welcome incoming leadership". The Fort Campbell Courier. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013. 
  58. ^ "Military Operations in Afghanistan". C-SPAN Video Library. December 28, 2010. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013. 
  59. ^ Vanden, Tom (December 28, 2010). "Coalition attacks sap key insurgents in Afghanistan". Usatoday.Com. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2013. 
  60. ^ "PN684 - 64 nominees for Army, 114th Congress (2015-2016)". www.congress.gov. 2015-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-10. 
  61. ^ "First Vietnamese-American Navy Captain, Commander H.B. Le, Returns to Vietnam - ABC News". ABC News. 
  62. ^ [10] "Hubert Vo: First Vietnamese American State Legislator in Texas"
  63. ^ [11] "Another notable Vietnamese American dedicated to public service is John Quoc Duong, who serves under President George W. Bush, as executive director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."
  64. ^ [12] "...led by Jarai-American Kok Ksor..."
  65. ^ [13] "It is the first novel by a Vietnamese-American about the war experience and its aftermath..."
  66. ^ [14]"Jacqueline H. Nguyen of L.A. confirmed to U.S. 9th Circuit Court," Los Angeles Times. May 7, 2012
  67. ^ "Onetime Vietnam refugee confirmed to be a federal appeals judge". latimes.com. May 8, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  68. ^ (Siaran pers). www.treas.gov https://web.archive.org/web/20101123211328/http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp259.htm |archiveurl= tidak memiliki judul (bantuan). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 23, 2010. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  69. ^ "Biography of Prince Buu Chanh". Asianamerican.net. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  70. ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/5-things-know-about-stephanie-murphy-first-vietnamese-american-woman-n680771
  71. ^ [15] "Orange County voters made Van Tran the highest-ranking Vietnamese American public official in the country this week when they elected him to the state Assembly."
  72. ^ [16] "Like many Vietnamese immigrants, Dinh's emotional experience in his homeland steered him toward the Republican Party..."
  73. ^ "Biography of Han Dinh". Asianamerican.net. April 21, 1993. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014. 
  74. ^ "Postal Service Honored With White House Closing the Circle Awards for Biodiesel Fuel..." Prnewswire.com. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014. 
  75. ^ "Phỏng vấn kỹ sư Đinh Trường Hân, người quản lý kỹ thuật của hơn 200,000 xe hơi của bưu điện Mỹ". Voatiengviet.com. September 11, 2006. Diakses tanggal March 4, 2014. 
  76. ^ Trinh - Diarsipkan December 24, 2005, di Wayback Machine.
  77. ^ "He Engineered a Record at MIT". Los Angeles Times. 
  78. ^ "VIET SCHOLAR EARNS 7 DEGREES FROM MIT". DeseretNews.com. November 17, 1988. 
  79. ^ [17] "Vietnamese-American astronomer"
  80. ^ "Nguyen Xuan Vinh | Top Asian American Professionals | GOLDSEA". goldsea.com. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  81. ^ Vo-Dinh has been ranked No. 43 on a list of the world's top 100 living geniuses in a survey conducted by Creators Synectics, a global consultants firm "Top 100 living geniuses". Telegraph.co.uk. London. October 31, 2007. Diakses tanggal June 19, 2008. 
  82. ^ [18] "Highly Cited Researchers - Thomson Reuters"
  83. ^ [19] "2015 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researchers affiliated with the UC System"
  84. ^ [20] "Applied Physics Letters Editors"
  85. ^ [21] "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory staff information"
  86. ^ [22] "Graves, the only Vietnamese-born player in the major leagues, left Saigon when he was only 14 months old."
  87. ^ [23] "Growing up as a skinny Vietnamese refuge, Cung Le was an easy target for bullies..."
  88. ^ "New School Pick of the Week: Dat Nguyen – Boxing News". Boxingscene.com. November 9, 2009. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  89. ^ "Fight Finder – Nam Phan's Mixed Martial Arts Statistics". Sherdog.com. March 13, 1983. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013. 
  90. ^ [24] "Men Nguyen was born in Vietnam. At age 13 he quit school and began working as a bus driver. In 1978, when he was 24, he and other 87 Vietnamese people escaped from their native country by boat."
  91. ^ Yang, Jeff (October 27, 2005). "ASIAN POP All In". The San Francisco Chronicle. 
  92. ^ [25] "Like other Vietnamese players..."
  93. ^ [26] "Such is already the case with Mimi Tran, a Vietnamese émigré..."
  94. ^ [27] "Nguyen and 10 other Vietnamese boys were segregated to one team..."
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Orang_Vietnam_Amerika&oldid=13440095"