Wikipedia

Alfabet fonetik NATO

Revisi sejak 11 Januari 2018 01.23 oleh Farras (bicara | kontrib)

International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, biasa disebut alfabet fonetik ICAO, dan kadang juga ditulis alfabet fonetik dan kode angka ITU dan alfabet fonetik NATO, adalah alfabet eja radiotelepon yang paling banyak digunakan. Meski sering disebut "alfabet fonetik", alfabet eja tidak sama dengan sistem transkripsi fonetik seperti International Phonetic Alphabet. Alfabet International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adalah kode akrofoni yang disesuaikan dengan huruf-huruf alfabet Inggris, jadi huruf dan angkanya harus bisa diucapkan dan dipahami oleh orang-orang yang bertukar pesan suara lewat radio atau telepon tanpa memandang bahasa ibu atau kualitas saluran komunikasinya.[1]

Alfabet radiotelefoni FAA dan tabel kode Morse
ICAO phonetic alphabet
rekaman suara: alfabet fonetik ICAO
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Berikut adalah 26 kode dalam alfabet fonetik internasional yang disesuaikan dengan 26 huruf alfabet Inggris dalam urutan abjad: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.

Pengucapan kode

Simbol Kode Versi pengucapan yang berlawanan
Konvensi IPA ICAO 2008[2] Ejaan ulang ICAO 2008[2] Ejaan ulang ITU-R 2007 (WRC-07)[3] Ejaan ulang IMO[butuh rujukan] Ejaan ulang FAA[4][5] SIA[6]
(France aeronautical) 		Ejaan ulang NATO & AD A.S.[7]
A Alfa ˈælfa AL FAH AL FAH AL FAH ALFAH atau
AL-FAH 		al fah AL fah
B Bravo ˈbraːˈvo BRAH VOH BRAH VOH BRAH VOH
(1955: BRAH VOH) 		BRAHVOH atau
BRAH-VO 		bra vo BRAH voh
C Charlie ˈtʃɑːli or
ˈʃɑːli 		CHAR LEE atau SHAR LEE CHAR LEE atau SHAR LEE CHAR LEE CHARLEE atau
CHAR-LEE 		tchah li,
char li 		CHAR lee
D Delta ˈdeltɑ DELL TAH DELL TAH DELL TAH DELLTAH atau
DELL-TAH 		del tah DEL tah
E Echo ˈeko ECK OH ECK OH ECK OH ECKOH atau
ECK-OH 		èk o EKK oh
F Foxtrot ˈfɔkstrɔt FOKS TROT FOKS TROT FOKS TROT FOKSTROT atau
FOKS-TROT 		fox trott FOKS trot
G Golf ɡʌlf GOLF GOLF GOLF GOLF golf Golf
H Hotel hoːˈtel HOH TELL HOH TELL HOH TELL HOHTELL atau
HOH-TELL 		ho tèll HO tell
I India ˈindi.ɑ IN DEE AH IN DEE AH IN DEE AH INDEE AH atau
IN-DEE-AH 		in di ah IN dee ah
J Juliett ˈdʒuːli.ˈet JEW LEE ETT JEW LEE ETT JEW LEE ETT JEWLEE ETT atau
JEW-LEE-ETT 		djou li ètt JEW lee ett
K Kilo ˈkiːlo KEY LOH KEY LOH KEY LOH KEYLOH atau
KEY-LOH 		ki lo KEY loh
L Lima ˈliːmɑ LEE MAH LEE MAH LEE MAH LEEMAH atau
LEE-MAH 		li mah LEE mah
M Mike mɑik MIKE MIKE MIKE MIKE maïk Mike
N November noˈvembə NO VEM BER NO VEM BER NO VEM BER NOVEMBER atau
NO-VEM-BER 		no vèmm ber NOH vem ber
O Oscar ˈɔskɑ OSS CAH OSS CAH OSS CAH OSS-SCAR atau
OSS-CAR 		oss kar OSS car
P Papa pəˈpɑ PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAHPAH atau
PAH-PAH 		pah pah PAH pah
Q Quebec keˈbek KEH BECK KEH BECK KEH BECK KEHBECK atau
KWUH-BECK 		ké bèk keh BECK
R Romeo ˈroːmi.o ROW ME OH ROW ME OH ROW ME OH ROWME OH atau
ROW-ME-OH 		ro mi o ROW me oh
S Sierra siˈerɑ SEE AIR RAH SEE AIR RAH SEE AIR RAH SEEAIRAH atau
SEE-AIR-AH 		si èr rah see AIR ah
T Tango ˈtænɡo TANG OH TANG GO TANG GO TANGGO atau
TANG-GO 		tang go TANG go
U Uniform ˈjuːnifɔːm or
ˈuːnifɔrm 		YOU NEE FORM atau OO NEE FORM YOU NEE FORM atau
OO NEE FORM 		YOU NEE FORM atau
OO NEE FORM 		YOUNEE FORM atau
YOU-NEE-FORM atau
OO-NEE-FORM 		you ni form,
ou ni form 		YOU nee form
V Victor ˈviktɑ VIK TAH VIK TAH VIK TAH VIKTAH atau
VIK-TAR 		vik tar VIK ter
W Whiskey ˈwiski WISS KEY WISS KEY WISS KEY WISSKEY atau
WISS-KEY 		ouiss ki WISS key
X X-ray
atau Xray 		ˈeksˈrei ECKS RAY ECKS RAY ECKS RAY ECKSRAY [sic] atau
ECKS-RAY 		èkss ré EKS ray
Y Yankee ˈjænki YANG KEY YANG KEY YANG KEY YANGKEY [sic] atau
YANG-KEY 		yang ki YANG kee
Z Zulu ˈzuːluː ZOO LOO ZOO LOO ZOO LOO ZOOLOO atau
ZOO-LOO 		zou lou ZOO luu
0 Zero ZE-RO NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH NADAZERO Zero zi ro ZE-RO
1 One WUN OO-NAH-WUN UNAONE One ouann WUN; Won (USMC)[8]
2 Two TOO BEES-SOH-TOO BISSOTWO Two tou TOO
3 Three TREE TAY-RAH-TREE TERRATHREE Three tri TREE
4 Four FOW-er KAR-TAY-FOWER KARTEFOUR Four fo eur FOW-ER
5 Five FIFE PAN-TAH-FIVE PANTAFIVE Five fa ïf FIFE
6 Six SIX SOK-SEE-SIX SOXISIX Six siks SIX
7 Seven SEV-en SAY-TAY-SEVEN SETTESEVEN Seven sèv n SEV-EN
8 Eight AIT OK-TOH-AIT OKTOEIGHT Eight eït AIT
9 Nine NIN-er NO-VAY-NINER NOVENINE Niner naï neu NIN-ER
. (decimal point) Decimal point DAY-SEE-MAL POINT dè si mal DAY-SEE-MAL (ITU)
100 Hundred HUN-dred hun-dred
1000 Thousand TOU-SAND taou zend TOU-SAND
- (hyphen) Dash imo faa
. (full stop) Period STOP (ITU)

Sejarah

Alfabet ini didefinisikan oleh berbagai konvensi radio internasional, termasuk:

  • Universal Electrical Communications Union, Washington, D.C., Desember 1920[9]
  • International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927 (pembentukan CCIR)[10]
  • General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)[11]
  • Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1932 (ITU-T E.141; dicabut tahun 1993)
  • General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Kairo, 1938)[12]
  • Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947),[13] where "it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication. However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."
  • 1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Jenewa, 1959)[14]
  • International Telecommunications Union, Radio
  • Final Acts of WARC-79 (Jenewa, 1979).[15] Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".
  • International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (direvisi 2003)[16]
Garis waktu perkembangan alfabet eja radiotelefoni ICAO/ITU-R
Huruf UECU 1920[9] International Radiotelegraph Convention (CCIR) 1927 (Washington, D.C.)[17] General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN) 1932[18][19] Kode International Radiocommunication Conference 1938 (Kairo)[20] International Radio Conference 1947 (Atlantic City)[21] ICAO Second Session of the Communications Division 1946 (sama seperti Joint Army/Navy)[22] ICAO 1947 (sama seperti 1943 US-UK)

[23]

[24][19]

Alfabet ICAO 1947 (diadopsi dari ARRL)[25] ICAO Amerika Latin/Karibia 1947[22] Proposal IATA ke ICAO 1947[22] Kode ICAO 1949[22] Kode ICAO 1951[26] Kode final ICAO 1956[2] Kode Administrative Radio Conference 1959 (Jenewa)[27] Ejaan ulang 1959[27] Kode ICAO 2008–sekarang[2] Ejaan ulang ICAO 2008–sekarang[2]
A Argentine Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Able ABLE ADAM ANA ALPHA Alfa Alfa Alfa Alfa AL FAH Alfa AL FAH
B Brussels Baltimore Baltimore Baltimore Baltimore Baker BAKER BAKER BRAZIL BETA Beta Bravo Bravo Bravo BRAH VOH Bravo BRAH VOH
C Canada Canada Casablanca Casablanca Casablanca Charlie CHARLIE CHARLIE COCO CHARLIE Coca Coca Charlie Charlie CHAR LEE atau SHAR LEE Charlie CHAR LEE atau SHAR LEE
D Damascus Denmark Danemark Danemark Danemark Dog DOG DAVID DADO DELTA Delta Delta Delta Delta DELL TAH Delta DELL TAH
E Ecuador Eddystone Edison Edison Edison Easy EASY EDWARD ELSA EDWARD Echo Echo Echo Echo ECK OH Echo ECK OH
F France Francisco Florida Florida Florida Fox FOX FREDDIE FIESTA FOX Foxtrot Foxtrot Foxtrot Foxtrot FOKS TROT Foxtrot FOKS TROT
G Greece Gibraltar Gallipoli Gallipoli Gallipoli George GEORGE GEORGE GATO GRAMMA Golf Gold Golf Golf GOLF Golf GOLF
H Hanover Hanover Havana Havana Havana How HOW HARRY HOMBRE HAVANA Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel HOH TELL Hotel HOH TELL
I Italy Italy Italia Italia Italia Item ITEM IDA INDIA ITALY India India India India IN DEE AH India IN DEE AH
J Japan Jerusalem Jérusalem Jérusalem Jerusalem Jig JIG JOHN JULIO JUPITER Julietta Juliett Juliett Juliett JEW LEE ETT Juliett JEW LEE ETT
K Khartoum Kimberley Kilogramme Kilogramme Kilogramme King KING KING KILO KILO Kilo Kilo Kilo Kilo KEY LOH Kilo KEY LOH
L Lima Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Love LOVE LEWIS LUIS LITER Lima Lima Lima Lima LEE MAH Lima LEE MAH
M Madrid Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Mike MIKE MARY MAMA MAESTRO Metro Metro Mike Mike MIKE Mike MIKE
N Nancy Neufchatel New York New-York New York Nan (later Nickel) NAN NANCY NORMA NORMA Nectar Nectar November November NO VEM BER November NO VEM BER
O Ostend Ontario Oslo Oslo Oslo Oboe OBOE OTTO OPERA OPERA Oscar Oscar Oscar Oscar OSS CAH Oscar OSS CAH
P Paris Portugal Paris Paris Paris Peter PETER PETER PERU PERU Polka Papa Papa Papa PAH PAH Papa PAH PAH
Q Quebec Quebec Québec Québec Quebec Queen QUEEN QUEEN QUEBEC QUEBEC Quebec Quebec Quebec Quebec KEH BECK Quebec KEH BECK
R Rome Rivoli Roma Roma Roma Roger ROGER ROBERT ROSA ROGER Romeo Romeo Romeo Romeo ROW ME OH Romeo ROW ME OH
S Sardinia Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiago Sail/Sugar SUGAR SUSAN SARA SANTA Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra SEE AIR RAH Sierra SEE AIR RAH
T Tokio Tokio Tripoli Tripoli Tripoli Tare TARE THOMAS TOMAS THOMAS Tango Tango Tango Tango TANG GO Tango TANG OH
U Uruguay Uruguay Upsala Upsala Upsala Uncle UNCLE UNION URUGUAY URSULA Union Union Uniform Uniform YOU NEE FORM or
OO NEE FORM 		Uniform YOU NEE FORM atau OO NEE FORM
V Victoria Victoria Valencia Valencia Valencia Victor VICTOR VICTOR VICTOR VICTOR Victor Victor Victor Victor VIK TAH Victor VIK TAH
W Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington William WILLIAM WILLIAM WHISKEY WHISKEY Whiskey Whiskey Whiskey Whiskey WISS KEY Whiskey WISS KEY
X Xaintrie Xantippe Xanthippe Xanthippe Xanthippe X-ray XRAY X-RAY XQUIS X-RAY Zebra eXtra X-ray X-ray ECKS RAY X-ray ECKS RAY
Y Yokohama Yokohama Yokohama Yokohama Yokohama Yoke YOKE YOUNG YOLANDA YORK Yankey Yankee Yankee Yankee YANG KEY Yankee YANG KEY
Z Zanzibar Zululand Zürich Zurich Zurich Zebra ZEBRA ZEBRA ZETA ? Zebra Zulu Zulu Zulu ZOO LOO Zulu ZOO LOO
0 Zero Zero[Note 1] Zero Zero Zero (proposal A: ZE-RO; proposal B: ZERO) Zero ZE-RO
1 One One[Note 1] One Wun One[Note 1] (proposal A: WUN; proposal B: WUN) Wun WUN
2 Two Two[Note 1] Two Too Two[Note 1] (proposal A: TOO; proposal B: BIS) Too TOO
3 Three Three[Note 1] Three Thuh-ree Three[Note 1] (proposal A: TREE; proposal B: TER) Tree TREE
4 Four Four[Note 1] Four Fo-wer Four[Note 1] (proposal A: FOW-ER; proposal B: QUARTO) Fower FOW-er
5 Five Five[Note 1] Five Fi-yiv Five[Note 1] (proposal A: FIFE; proposal B: PENTA) Fife FIFE
6 Six Six[Note 1] Six Six Six[Note 1] (proposal A: SIX; proposal B: SAXO) Six SIX
7 Seven Seven[Note 1] Seven Seven Seven[Note 1] (proposal A: SEV-EN; proposal B: SETTE) Seven SEV-en
8 Eight Eight[Note 1] Eight Ate Eight[Note 1] (proposal A: AIT; proposal B: OCTO) Eight AIT
9 Nine Nine[Note 1] Nine Niner Nine[Note 1] (proposal A: NIN-ER; proposal B: NONA) Niner NIN-er
. Point (proposal A: DAY-SEE-MAL; proposal B: DECIMAL) Decimal DAY-SEE-MAL
Hundred Hundred HUN-dred
Thousand (Proposal A: TOUS-AND) Thousand TOU-SAND
, Comma Comma Comma Comma
/ Fraction bar Fraction bar Fraction bar Fraction bar
Break signal Break signal Break signal
. Full stop Full stop (period) Full stop (period) Full stop (period)

Untuk fonetik 1938 dan 1947, setiap pengucapan angka didahului dan diikuti oleh pengucapan "as a number" sebanyak dua kali.

ITU mengadopsi alfabet eja fonetik International Maritime Organization pada tahun 1959.[28] Tahun 1969, ITU menyatakan alasannya "untuk diterapkan pada komunikasi laut saja".[29]

Pengucapan tidak ditetapkan sebelum 1959. Untuk fonetik 1959–sekarang, suku kata bergaris bawah di setiap kata-huruf harus dipertegas dan setiap suku kata kode angka (1969–sekarang) juga harus dipertegas.

Komunikasi penerbangan internasional

ICAO Radiotelephony Alphabet digunakan oleh International Civil Aviation Organization untuk komunikasi penerbangan internasional.[30][31]

Huruf General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN) 1932[18][19] ICAO Second Session of the Communications Division 1946 (sama seperti Joint Army/Navy)[22] ICAO 1947 (sama seperti 1943 US-UK)

[23]

[24][19]

Alfabet ICAO 1947 (diadopsi dari ARRL)[25] ICAO Amerika Latin/Karibia 1947[22] Proposal IATA ke ICAO 1947 [22] Kode ICAO 1949[22] Kode ICAO 1951[26] Kode ICAO 1956–sekarang[2]
A Amsterdam Able ABLE ADAM ANA ALPHA Alfa Alfa Alfa
B Baltimore Baker BAKER BAKER BRAZIL BETA Beta Bravo Bravo
C Casablanca Charlie CHARLIE CHARLIE COCO CHARLIE Coca Coca Charlie
D Danemark Dog DOG DAVID DADO DELTA Delta Delta Delta
E Edison Easy EASY EDWARD ELSA EDWARD Echo Echo Echo
F Florida Fox FOX FREDDIE FIESTA FOX Foxtrot Foxtrot Foxtrot
G Gallipoli George GEORGE GEORGE GATO GRAMMA Golf Gold Golf
H Havana How HOW HARRY HOMBRE HAVANA Hotel Hotel Hotel
I Italia Item ITEM IDA INDIA ITALY India India India
J Jérusalem Jig JIG JOHN JULIO JUPITER Julietta Juliett Juliett
K Kilogramme King KING KING KILO KILO Kilo Kilo Kilo
L Liverpool Love LOVE LEWIS LUIS LITER Lima Lima Lima
M Madagascar Mike MIKE MARY MAMA MAESTRO Metro Metro Mike
N New York Nan (later Nickel) NAN NANCY NORMA NORMA Nectar Nectar November
O Oslo Oboe OBOE OTTO OPERA OPERA Oscar Oscar Oscar
P Paris Peter PETER PETER PERU PERU Polka Papa Papa
Q Québec Queen QUEEN QUEEN QUEBEC QUEBEC Quebec Quebec Quebec
R Roma Roger ROGER ROBERT ROSA ROGER Romeo Romeo Romeo
S Santiago Sail/Sugar SUGAR SUSAN SARA SANTA Sierra Sierra Sierra
T Tripoli Tare TARE THOMAS TOMAS THOMAS Tango Tango Tango
U Upsala Uncle UNCLE UNION URUGUAY URSULA Union Union Uniform
V Valencia Victor VICTOR VICTOR VICTOR VICTOR Victor Victor Victor
W Washington William WILLIAM WILLIAM WHISKEY WHISKEY Whiskey Whiskey Whisky
X Xanthippe X-ray XRAY X-RAY XQUIS X-RAY X-RAY eXtra X-ray
Y Yokohama Yoke YOKE YOUNG YOLANDA YORK Yankey Yankee Yankee
Z Zürich Zebra ZEBRA ZEBRA ZETA ? Zebra Zulu Zulu
0 Zero Zero Zero
1 One Wun One
2 Two Too Two
3 Three Thuh-ree Three
4 Four Fo-wer Four
5 Five Fi-yiv Five
6 Six Six Six
7 Seven Seven Seven
8 Eight Ate Eight
9 Nine Niner Niner
. Decimal
100 Hundred
1000 Thousand

Komunikasi laut internasional

ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet digunakan oleh International Maritime Organization untuk komunikasi laut internasional.

Letter Kode IMO 1932–1965[butuh rujukan] Kode IMO 1965–sekarang (WRC-03)[32] 1967 WARC code words[33] Ejaan ulang WARC 1967[33] Ejaan ulang ITU-R 2007–sekarang[3]
A Amsterdam Alfa Alfa AL FAH AL FAH
B Baltimore Bravo Bravo BRAH VOH BRAH VOH
C Casablanca Charlie Charlie CHAR LEE atau SHAR LEE CHAR LEE atau SHAR LEE
D Danemark Delta Delta DELL TAH DELL TAH
E Edison Echo Echo ECK OH ECK OH
F Florida Foxtrot Foxtrot FOKS TROT FOKS TROT
G Gallipoli Golf Golf GOLF GOLF
H Havana Hotel Hotel HOH TELL HOH TELL
I Italia India India IN DEE AH IN DEE AH
J Jérusalem Juliett Juliett JEW LEE ETT JEW LEE ETT
K Kilogramme Kilo Kilo KEY LOH KEY LOH
L Liverpool Lima Lima LEE MAH LEE MAH
M Madagascar Mike Mike MIKE MIKE
N New-York November November NO VEM BER NO VEM BER
O Oslo Oscar Oscar OSS CAH OSS CAH
P Paris Papa Papa PAH PAH PAH PAH
Q Québec Quebec Quebec KEH BECK KEH BECK
R Roma Romeo Romeo ROW ME OH ROW ME OH
S Santiago Sierra Sierra SEE AIR RAH SEE AIR RAH
T Tripoli Tango Tango TANG GO TANG GO
U Upsala Uniform Uniform YOU NEE FORM or
OO NEE FORM 		YOU NEE FORM atau
OO NEE FORM
V Valencia Victor Victor VIK TAH VIK TAH
W Washington Whisky Whisky WISS KEY WISS KEY
X Xanthippe X-ray X-ray ECKS RAY ECKS RAY
Y Yokohama Yankee Yankee YANG KEY YANG KEY
Z Zurich Zulu Zulu ZOO LOO ZOO LOO
0 Zero ZEERO NADAZERO NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
1 One WUN UNAONE OO-NAH-WUN OO-NAH-WUN
2 Two TOO BISSOTWO BEES-SOH-TOO BEES-SOH-TOO
3 Three TREE TERRATHREE TAY-RAH-TREE TAY-RAH-TREE
4 Four FOWER KARTEFOUR KAR-TAY-FOWER KAR-TAY-FOWER
5 Five FIFE PANTAFIVE PAN-TAH-FIVE PAN-TAH-FIVE
6 Six SIX SOXISIX SOK-SEE-SIX SOK-SEE-SIX
7 Seven SEVEN SETTESEVEN SAY-TAY-SEVEN SAY-TAY-SEVEN
8 Eight AIT OKTOEIGHT OK-TOH-AIT OK-TOH-AIT
9 Nine NINER NOVENINE NO-VAY-NINER NO-VAY-NINER
. DECIMAL DAY-SEE-MAL DAY-SEE-MAL
. STOP STOP STOP
1000 TOUSAND

Varian

Penerbangan

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by "as a number" spoken twice.

Referensi

  1. ^ "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 March 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2015. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronauticatl Telecommunications; Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS status" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2017-11-01. 
  3. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ITU
  4. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama FAA-ATC
  5. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama FAA-AIM
  6. ^ Service de l'Information Aéronautique, Radiotéléphonie Diarsipkan 2 November 2014 di Wayback Machine., 2nd edition, 2006
  7. ^ "Military phonetic alphabet by US Army". Army.com. 14 March 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2014. 
  8. ^ "RP 0506 – Field Communication" (PDF). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 24 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2014. 
  9. ^ a b "Draft of Convention and Regulations, Washington, D.C., December, 1920". 
  10. ^ "International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927". Diakses tanggal 2017-10-30. 
  11. ^ "General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)". Diakses tanggal 26 April 2015. 
  12. ^ "General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)". Diakses tanggal 2017-10-30. 
  13. ^ "Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947)". Diakses tanggal 26 April 2015. 
  14. ^ "Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 26 April 2015. 
  15. ^ "Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979)" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 26 April 2015. 
  16. ^ International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003) (PDF), 1969 
  17. ^ "Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927" (PDF). 
  18. ^ a b "(Don't Get) Lost in Translation" (PDF). 
  19. ^ a b c d Alcorn, John. "Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords And Abbreviations" (PDF). 
  20. ^ "General Radiocommunication Regulations (Revision of Cairo, 1938; Additional Radiocommunication regulations (revision of Cairo, 1938); Additional Protocol" (PDF). 
  21. ^ "Radio Regulations Annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention (Atlantic City, 1947)" (PDF). 
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Evolution and Rationale of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Word-Spelling Alphabet, July 1959" (PDF). Diakses tanggal November 1, 2017. 
  23. ^ a b Myers, Capt., U.S.N., G. B.; Charles, Cdr., R.N.V.R., B. P. (1945-02-14). CCBP 3-2: Combined Radiotelephone (R/T) Procedure. Washington 25, D. C.: Combined Communications Board. hlm. 1, 2. 
  24. ^ a b "FM 24-12,:Army Extract of Combined Operating Signals (CCBP 2-2)" (PDF). 
  25. ^ a b "Item 48 in the Friedman Collection: Letter from Everett Conder to William F. Friedman, February 11, 1952" (PDF). 
  26. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :4
  27. ^ a b "Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959)" (PDF). 
  28. ^ "Documents of the World Administrative Radio Conference to deal with matters relating to the maritime mobile service (WARC Mar) (Geneva, 1967)" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 26 April 2015. 
  29. ^ "Report on the Activities of The International Telecommunication Union in 1967" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 26 April 2015. 
  30. ^ "Alphabet - Radiotelephony". Diakses tanggal 27 April 2015. 
  31. ^ "Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS Status" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 27 April 2015. 
  32. ^ "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2017-11-01. 
  33. ^ a b "Final Acts of the World Administrative Radio Conference to Deal with Matters Relating to the Maritime Mobile Service" (PDF). 
  34. ^ Civil Aviation Authority, "Aircraft Call Sign Confusion Evaluation Safety Study" Diarsipkan 24 December 2004 di Wayback Machine., April 2000

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