Keperawatan
Keperawatan merupakan suatu profesi yang difokuskan pada perawatan individu, keluarga, dan komunitas in attaining, maintaining, and recovering optimal health and functioning. Definisi modern mengenai keperawatan didefinisikan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan dan suatu seni yang memfokuskan pada mempromosikan kualitas hidup yang didefinisikan oleh orang atau keluarga, melalui seluruh pengalaman hidupnya dari kelahiran sampai asuhan pada kematian.
Sejarah Keperawatan
Nursing has existed in various forms in every culture, although the definition of the term and the practice of nursing has changed greatly over time. The oldest sense of the word in the English language a woman employed to suckle and generally care for a younger child. The former being known as a wet nurse and the latter being known as a dry nurse.[1] In the 15th century, this developed into the idea of looking after or advising another, not necessarily meaning a woman looking after a child.[1] Nursing has continued to develop in this latter sense, although the idea of nourishing in the broadest sense refers in modern nursing to promoting quality of life.
Prior to the foundation of modern nursing, nuns and the military often provided nursing-like services.[2] The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. For example: in Britain, senior female nurses are known as ‘‘sisters’’.
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It was during time of war that a significant development in nursing history arose when Florence Nightingale, working to improve conditions of soldiers in the Crimean War, laid the foundation stone of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing. Other important nurses in the development of the profession include: Mary Seacole, who also worked as a nurse in the Crimea; Agnes Elizabeth Jones and Linda Richards, who established quality nursing schools in the USA and Japan, and Linda Richards who was officially America's first trained nurse, graduating in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.
New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September , 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first registered nurse. North Carolina was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903.
Nurses have experienced difficulty with the hierarchy in medicine that has resulted in an impression that nurses primary purpose is to follow the direction of medics.[3] This tendency is certainly not observed in Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, where the doctors are mentioned relatively infrequently and often in critical tones, particularly relating to bedside manner.[4]
The modern era has seen the development of nursing degrees and nursing has numerous journals to broaden the knowledge base of the profession. Nurses are often in key management roles within health services and hold research posts at universities.
Keperawatan sebagai suatu profesi
The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at national or state level.
The aim of the nursing community worldwide is to develop the profession guided by continuing education based on nursing research, and to regulate standards of competency and ethics. [5] There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse, which vary greatly worldwide, but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice and training in clinical skills.
Praktik keperawatan
Nursing practice is primarily the caring relationship between the nurse and the person in their care. In providing nursing care, nurses are implementing the nursing care plan, which is based on a nursing assessment.
Definisi
Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialities and countries, these nursing organisations offer the following definitions:
Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.
The use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death."
Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations.
Teori dan proses keperawatan
In general terms, the nursing process is the method used to assess and diagnose needs, plan and implement interventions, and evaluate the outcomes of the care provided. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed different theories derived from sometimes diverse philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews to help nurses direct their activities to accomplish specific goals. Currently, two paradigms exist in nursing, the totality paradigm and the simultaneity paradigm.
Practice settings
Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, from hospitals to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities, and camps. They also work on cruise ships and in military service. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contact in a variety of settings, sometimes known as per diem nursing, agency nursing or travel nursing.
Regulation of practice
The practice of nursing is governed by laws that define a scope of practice, generally mandated by the legislature of the political division within which the nurse practices. Nurses are held legally responsible and accountable for their practice. The standard of care is that of the "prudent nurse."
Nursing specialties
Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings but generally nursing is divided depending on the needs of the person being nursed.
The major divisions are:-
- the nursing of people with mental health problems - Psychiatric and mental health nursing
- the nursing of people with learning or developmental disabilities - Learning disability nursing (UK)
- the nursing of children - Pediatric nursing.
- the nursing of older adults - Geriatric nursing
- the nursing of people in their own homes - Home health nursing (US), District nursing and Health visiting (UK). See also Live-in nurse
There are also specialist areas such as cardiac nursing, orthopedic nursing, palliative care, perioperative nursing and oncology nursing.
Nursing by country
- For the occupation of nurses in each country, see nurse
See also
- Nurse
- History of nursing
- Nursing practice
- Nursing specialties
- List of nurses
- Prominent nurses (category)
- Nursing school
- Master of Science in Nursing
- Traditional Nurse's Uniform
- Modern Nurse's Uniform (Scrubs)
References
- ^ a b "Nurse". The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition. 10. Oxford University Press. 1989. hlm. p603–604. ISBN 0198611862.
- ^ http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/florrie.html
- ^ Radcliffe, Mark (2000). "Doctors and nurses: new game, same result". British Medical Journal. 320 (1085). doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7241.1085. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-14.
- ^ Nightingale, Florence (1860) Notes on Nursing Full text online Accessed 14 August 2007
- ^ a b International Council of Nurses Accessed August 2007
- ^ RCN (2003) Defining nursing Retrieved April 2007
External links
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Canadian Nursing History Collection Online
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization - One Hundred Years of Nurses' Caps
- American Association for the History of Nursing
- National Network of Learning Disability Nurses
- University of Maryland School of Nursing Living History Museum