Templat:Thailand infobox
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Thailand (bahasa Thai: ประเทศไทย) (/ˈtaɪlænd, -lənd/ TY-land-,_--lənd), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam (bahasa Thai: สยาม), is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km2 (198,117 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship.
Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century. Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon, the Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region, competing with Thai states such as Ngoenyang, the Sukhothai Kingdom, Lan Na and the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which rivaled each other. European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya, one of the great powers in the region. Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai's reign (1656–88), gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in 1767 in a war with Burma. Taksin quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom. He was succeeded in 1782 by Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, the first monarch of the Chakri dynasty and founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, which lasted into the early 20th century.
Through the 18th and 19th centuries, Siam faced pressure from France and the United Kingdom, including forced concessions of territory, but nevertheless it remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western rule. Following a bloodless revolution in 1932, Siam became a constitutional monarchy and changed its official name to "Thailand". While it joined the Allies in World War I, Thailand was an Axis satellite in World War II. In the late 1950s, a military coup revived the monarchy's historically influential role in politics. Thailand became a major ally of the United States and played a key anti-communist role in the region. Apart from a brief period of parliamentary democracy in the mid-1970s, Thailand has periodically alternated between democracy and military rule. In the 21st century, Thailand endured a political crisis that culminated in two coups and the establishment of its current and 20th constitution by the military junta.
Thailand is a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a military junta. Thailand is a founding member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations and remains a major ally of the US.[15][16] Despite its comparatively sporadic changes in leadership, it is considered a regional power in Southeast Asia and a middle power in global affairs.[17] With a high level of human development, the second largest economy in Southeast Asia, and the 20th largest by PPP, Thailand is classified as a newly industrialized economy; manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy.[18][19]
- ^ Thailand Diarsipkan 3 July 2015 di Wayback Machine., The World Factbook.
- ^ Draper, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit (2016). "The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand's Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions". Asian Ethnicity. 19: 81–105. doi:10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300.
- ^ a b International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand (PDF) (dalam bahasa English and Thai). United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 28 July 2011. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 9 October 2016. Diakses tanggal 8 October 2016.
- ^ David Levinson (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Oryx Pres, hlm. 287, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1
- ^ Paul, Lewis M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2013), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-216-6, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 December 2007
- ^ Barbara A. West (2009), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File, hlm. 794, ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7
- ^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 12 October 2017.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". Divisi Populasi Departemen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Populasi, per 1 Juli (ribuan)"). Divisi Populasi Departemen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.
- ^ (Thai) National Statistics Office, "100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand" Diarsipkan 12 July 2012 di Wayback Machine.. popcensus.nso.go.th.
- ^ a b "Thailand". International Monetary Fund. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2019. Diakses tanggal 29 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Thai Economic Performance in Q4 and 2017 and Outlook for 2018". National Economic and Social Development Board. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 February 2018. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2018.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2017.
- ^ Global 2016 Human Development Report Overview – English (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2017. hlm. 22–24. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 23 March 2017. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2017.
- ^ "American foreign policy. 1950-1955; basic documents". avalon.law.yale.edu.
- ^ "22 U.S. Code § 2321k - Designation of major non-NATO allies". LII / Legal Information Institute.
- ^ Jonathan H. Ping Middle Power Statecraft Diarsipkan 5 September 2015 di Wayback Machine. (p 104)
- ^ Thailand and the World Bank Diarsipkan 9 June 2011 di Wikiwix, World Bank on Thailand country overview.
- ^ The Guardian, Country profile: Thailand, 25 April 2009.