Ekonomika ekologis

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Kotak ini: lihat bicara sunting

Ekonomi ekologis (juga disebut ekonomi-eko, ekolonomi atau bioekonomi dari Georgescu-Roegen) adalah suatu bidang penelitian akademis transdisiplin dan antardisiplin yang membahas saling ketergantungan dan koevolusi ekonomi manusia dan ekosistem alam, baik secara intertemporal maupun spasial.^[1] Dengan memperlakukan ekonomi sebagai subsistem ekosistem Bumi yang lebih besar, dan dengan menekankan pada pelestarian modal alami, bidang ekonomi ekologis dibedakan dari ekonomi lingkungan, yang merupakan analisis ekonomi arus utama tentang lingkungan.^[2]

Ekonomi ekologis dicetuskan pada tahun 1980-an sebagai disiplin modern melalui karya dan interaksi antara berbagai akademisi Eropa dan Amerika (lihat bagian tentang Sejarah dan perkembangan di bawah ini). Bidang ilmu yang terkait yakni ekonomi hijau, secara umum merupakan bentuk subjek terapan yang lebih politis.^[3]^[4]

Menurut ahli ekonomi ekologis Malte Faber, ekonomi ekologis didefinisikan oleh fokusnya pada alam, keadilan, dan waktu. Masalah keadilan antargenerasi, tak terbalikannya perubahan lingkungan, ketidakpastian hasil jangka panjang, dan panduan pembangunan berkelanjutan analisis dan penilaian ekonomi ekologis.^[5] Ahli ekonomi ekologis telah mempertanyakan pendekatan ekonomi arus utama fundamental seperti analisis biaya-manfaat, dan pemisahan nilai-nilai ekonomi dari penelitian ilmiah, berpendapat bahwa ekonomi tak terhindarkan lebih bersifat normatif daripada positif (yakni deskriptif).^[6] Analisis posisi, yang berupaya menggabungkan masalah waktu dan keadilan, diusulkan sebagai alternatif.^[7]^[8] Ekonomi ekologis berbagi beberapa perspektifnya yang sama dengan ekonomi feminis, termasuk fokus pada nilai-nilai keberlanjutan, alam, keadilan, dan kepedulian.^[9]

Sejarah dan perkembangan

Anteseden ekonomi ekologis dapat ditelusuri kembali pada Romantisisme abad ke-19 serta beberapa ekonom politik Abad Pencerahan pada masa itu. Kekhawatiran terhadap populasi diekspresikan oleh Thomas Malthus, sementara John Stuart Mill meramalkan konsep keunggulan dari kondisi stasioner suatu perekonomian. Mill dengan demikian mengantisipasi wawasan mendatang dari para ekonom ekologis modern, tetapi tanpa memiliki pengalaman mereka tentang biaya sosial dan ekologis dari ekspansi ekonomi pasca-Perang Dunia II. Pada tahun 1880, ekonom Marxian Sergei Podolinsky berusaha untuk berteori teori nilai kerja berdasarkan energi yang terkandung; karyanya dibaca dan dikritik oleh Marx dan Engels.^[10]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Anastasios Xepapadeas (2008). "Ecological economics". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2nd Edition. Palgrave MacMillan.
^ Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh (2001). "Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches, and Differences with Environmental Economics," Regional Environmental Change, 2(1), pp. 13-23 Diarsipkan 2008-10-31 di Wayback Machine. (press +).
^ Paehlke R. (1995). Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia, p. 315. Taylor & Francis.
^ Scott Cato, M. (2009). Green Economics. Earthscan, London. ISBN 978-1-84407-571-3.
^ Malte Faber. (2008). How to be an ecological economist. Ecological Economics 66(1):1-7. Preprint.
^ Peter Victor. (2008). Book Review: Frontiers in Ecological Economic Theory and Application. Ecological Economics 66(2-3).
^ Mattson L. (1975). Book Review: Positional Analysis for Decision-Making and Planning by Peter Soderbaum. The Swedish Journal of Economics.
^ Soderbaum, P. 2008. Understanding Sustainability Economics. Earthscan, London. ISBN 978-1-84407-627-7. pp.109-110, 113-117.
^ Aslaksen, Iulie; Bragstad, Torunn; Ås, Berit (2014). "Feminist Economics as Vision for a Sustainable Future". Dalam Bjørnholt, Margunn; McKay, Ailsa. Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics. Demeter Press/Brunswick Books. hlm. 21–36. ISBN 9781927335277.
^ Bellamy Foster, John; Burkett, Paul (March 2004). "Ecological Economics and Classical Marxism: The "Podolinsky Business" Reconsidered" (PDF). Organization & Environment. Vol. 17, No. 1: 32–60. Diakses tanggal 31 August 2018.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Common, M. and Stagl, S. 2005. Ecological Economics: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Costanza, R., Cumberland, J. H., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R. B. (1997). An Introduction to Ecological Economics, St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics, (e-book at the Encyclopedia of Earth)
Costanza, R., Stern, D. I., He, L., Ma, C. (2004). Influential publications in ecological economics: a citation analysis. Ecological Economics 50(3-4): 261-292. - http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3A50_3Ay_3A2004_3Ai_3A3-4_3Ap_3A261-292.htm
Daly, H. (1980). Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy, W.H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0716711796.
Daly, H. and Townsend, K. (eds.) 1993. Valuing The Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: MIT Press.
Daly, H. (1994). “Steady-state Economics”. In: Ecology - Key Concepts in Critical Theory, edited by C. Merchant. Humanities Press, ISBN 0391037951.
Daly, H., and J.B. Cobb (1994). For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. Beacon Press, ISBN 0807047058.
Daly, H. (1997). Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press, ISBN 0807047090.
Daly, H. (2015). "Economics for a Full World." Great Transition Initiative, https://www.greattransition.org/publication/economics-for-a-full-world.
Daly, H., and J. Farley (2010). Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Island Press, ISBN 1597266817.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1975. Energy and economic myths. Southern Economic Journal 41: 347-381.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1999). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. iUniverse Press, ISBN 1583486003.
Gowdy, J., and J.D. Erickson (2005). The approach of ecological economics. Cambridge Journal of Economics 29: 207-222.
Greer, J. M. (2011). The Wealth of Nature: Economics as if Survival Mattered. New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865716730.
Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, ISBN 0865717044, 464 pp.
Kevlar, M. (2014) Eco-Economics on the horizon, Economics and human nature from a behavioural perspective.
Jackson, Tim (2009). Prosperity without Growth - Economics for a finite Planet. London: Routledge/Earthscan. ISBN 9781849713238.
Krishnan R, Harris J.M., and N.R. Goodwin (1995). A Survey of Ecological Economics. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-411-3.
Martinez-Alier, J. (1990) Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Martinez-Alier, J., Ropke, I. eds. (2008). Recent Developments in Ecological Economics, 2 vols., E. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Røpke, I. (2004) The early history of modern ecological economics. Ecological Economics 50(3-4): 293-314.
Røpke, I. (2005) Trends in the development of ecological economics from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. Ecological Economics 55(2): 262-290.
Shmelev S. E. (2012) Ecological Economics: Sustainability in Practice, Springer 256 pp. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ecological-Economics-Sustainability-Stanislav-Shmelev/dp/940071971X
Soddy, F. A. (1926) "Wealth, Money and Debt" London, England: George Allen & Unwin.
Spash, C. L. (1999) The development of environmental thinking in economics. Environmental Values 8(4): 413-435.
Stern, D. I. (1997) Limits to substitution and irreversibility in production and consumption: A neoclassical interpretation of ecological economics. Ecological Economics 21(3): 197-215. - http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3A21_3Ay_3A1997_3Ai_3A3_3Ap_3A197-215.htm
Tacconi, L. (2000) Biodiversity and Ecological Economics: Participation, Values, and Resource Management. London, UK: Earthscan Publications.
Vatn, A. (2005) Institutions and the Environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2015) Economics as if Soil & Health Matters. Nisus Publications.

Pranala luar

Schools and institutes:

Gund Institute for Ecological Economics - http://www.uvm.edu/giee
"PhD in Ecological Economics". economics.rpi.edu. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-18.
Beijer International Institute for Ecological Economics - http://www.beijer.kva.se/
Green Economics Institute - https://web.archive.org/web/20140520020258/http://www.greeneconomics.org.uk/

Environmental data:

EarthTrends World Resources Institute - https://web.archive.org/web/20081204023722/http://earthtrends.wri.org/index.php
Eco-Economy Indicators: http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/
NOAA Economics of Ecosystems Data & Products – https://web.archive.org/web/20081221150404/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems

Miscellaneous:

New Economics Foundation (NEF)- http://www.neweconomics.org
Green Economist - http://greeneconomist.org/
Sustainable Prosperity - http://sustainableprosperity.ca/
An ecological economics article about reconciling economics and its supporting ecosystem - https://web.archive.org/web/20060111191147/http://www.fs.fed.us/eco/s21pre.htm
"Economics in a Full World", by Herman E. Daly - https://web.archive.org/web/20081217023718/http://sef.umd.edu/files/ScientificAmerican_Daly_05.pdf
Robert Nadeau (2008). "Environmental and ecological economics". The Encyclopedia of Earth. Diakses tanggal 11 February 2017. (A thorough account of the historical development of ecological economics)
Steve Charnovitz, "Living in an Ecolonomy: Environmental Cooperation and the GATT," Kennedy School of Government, April 1994.
Global list of Ecological Economics related Organizations on WiserEarth
Ecological Economics portal on WiserEarth

Templat:Environmental science Templat:Environmental social science Templat:Modelling ecosystems Templat:Natural resources

[1] Anastasios Xepapadeas (2008). "Ecological economics". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2nd Edition. Palgrave MacMillan.

[2] Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh (2001). "Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches, and Differences with Environmental Economics," Regional Environmental Change, 2(1), pp. 13-23 Diarsipkan 2008-10-31 di Wayback Machine. (press +).

[3] Paehlke R. (1995). Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia, p. 315. Taylor & Francis.

[4] Scott Cato, M. (2009). Green Economics. Earthscan, London. ISBN 978-1-84407-571-3.

[Faber2008-5] Malte Faber. (2008). How to be an ecological economist. Ecological Economics 66(1):1-7. Preprint.

[Victor2008-6] Peter Victor. (2008). Book Review: Frontiers in Ecological Economic Theory and Application. Ecological Economics 66(2-3).

[7] Mattson L. (1975). Book Review: Positional Analysis for Decision-Making and Planning by Peter Soderbaum. The Swedish Journal of Economics.

[8] Soderbaum, P. 2008. Understanding Sustainability Economics. Earthscan, London. ISBN 978-1-84407-627-7. pp.109-110, 113-117.

[9] Aslaksen, Iulie; Bragstad, Torunn; Ås, Berit (2014). "Feminist Economics as Vision for a Sustainable Future". Dalam Bjørnholt, Margunn; McKay, Ailsa. Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics. Demeter Press/Brunswick Books. hlm. 21–36. ISBN 9781927335277.

[10] Bellamy Foster, John; Burkett, Paul (March 2004). "Ecological Economics and Classical Marxism: The "Podolinsky Business" Reconsidered" (PDF). Organization & Environment. Vol. 17, No. 1: 32–60. Diakses tanggal 31 August 2018.

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