Sejarah Kamboja

Sejarah Kamboja, sebuah negara di daratan utama Asia Tenggara, bermula pada sekitar milenium ke-5 SM.^[1]^[2] Catatan mendetail dari struktur politik di wilayah yang sekarang merupakan Kamboja mula-mula muncul dalam catatan-catatan Tiongkok dalam rujukan untuk Funan, sebuah negara yang berada di bagian paling selatan semenanjung Indochina pada abad ke-1 sampai ke-2. Berpusat di hilir Mekong,^[3] Funan dikenal sebagai budaya Hindu regional tertua, yang menjalin hubungan sosial-ekonomi dengan mitra-mitra dagang maritim Indosfer di bagian barat.^[4] Pada abad ke-6, sebuah sipilisasi yang disebut Chenla atau Zhenla dalam catatan-catatan Tiongkok, menggantikan Funan, sebagai negara yang menguasai wilayah yang lebih besar dan memiliki lebih dari satu pusat kekuasaan.^[5]^[6]

Kekaisaran Khmer berdiri pada awal abad ke-9. Sumber-sumber menyebut inisasi mistik dan upacara konsekrasi untuk mengklaim pengesahan politik oleh pendirinya Jayawarman II di Gunung Kulen (Gunung Mahendra) pada 802 Masehi.^[7] Sebuah suksesi kedaulatan berpengaruh, yang melanjutkan tradisi kultus dewaraja Hindu, memerintah sepanjang era klasik sipilisasi Khmer sampai abad ke-11. Sebuah dinasti baru yang berasal dari tingkat provinsi memperkenalkan agama Buddha, yang menurut beberapa cendekiawan mengakibatkan penghancuran umum dan ketidaklanjutan agama kerajaan.^[8] Kronologi kerajaan berakhir pada abad ke-12. Prestasi-prestasi besarnya dalam administrasi, pertanian, arsitektur, hidrologi, logistik, perencanaan tata kota dan seni rupa merupakan testimoni pada sipilisasi kreatif dan progresif - dalam kompleksitas batu pijakan warisan kebudayaan Asia Tenggara.^[9]

Penghancuran berlanjut melalui periode trasisional selama sekitar 100 tahun yang disusul oleh Periode Pertengahan sejarah Kamboja, yang disebut Zaman Kegelapan Kamboja, yang dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-15. Meskipun seluruh kultus Hindu tergantikan, sebuah situs monumen di ibu kota lama masih menjadi pusat spiritual penting.^[10] Sejak pertengahan abad ke-15, populasi besar berpindah ke timur dan - dengan beberapa pengecualian - bermukim pada tepian sungai Mekong dan Tonle di Chaktomuk, Longvek dan Oudong.^[11]^[12]

Perdagangan maritim adalah dasar paling berpengaruh pada abad ke-16. Namun, para pendatang - Muslim Melayu dan Cham, para misionaris dan para penjelajah Eropa Kristen - makin mengganggu dan mempengaruhi urusan pemerintahan. Keberuntungan yang ambisius, sebuah ekonomi satu tangan dan budaya yang mengganggu dan ikut campur kerajaan pada bidang lainnya membuat wilayah tersebut memasukki era Longvek.^[13]^[14]

Pada abad ke-15, suku-suku tetangga tradisional Khmer, suku Mon di bagian barat dan suku Cham di bagian timur secara bertahap tergerogoti dan tergantikan masing-masing oleh Siam/Thai dan Annam/Vietnam.^[15]

Referensi

^ Chandler, David (July 2009). "Cambodian History: Searching for the Truth". Cambodia Tribunal Monitor. Northwestern University School of Law Center for International Human Rights and Documentation Center of Cambodia. Diakses tanggal November 25, 2015. We have evidence of cave dwellers in northwestern Cambodia living as long ago as 5000 BCE.
^ Mourer, Cécile; Mourer, Roland (July 1970). "The Prehistoric Industry of Laang Spean, Province of Battambang, Cambodia". Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania. Oceania Publications, University of Sydney. 5 (2): 128–146. JSTOR 40386114.
^ Stark, Miriam T. (2006). "Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project" (PDF). Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. University of Hawai’i-Manoa. 26: 98–109. doi:10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11998. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015. The Mekong delta played a central role in the development of Cambodia’s earliest complex polities from approximately 500 BC to AD 600 ... envoys Kang Dai and Zhu Ying visited the delta in the mid-3rd century AD to explore the nature of the sea passage via Southeast Asia to India ... a tribute-based economy, that ... It also suggests that the region’s importance continued unabated
^ Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, P. Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999). "Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. University of Hawai'i-Manoa. 38 (1): 7–36. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015. the development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by outsiders...
^ ""What and Where was Chenla?", Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge" (PDF). Michael Vickery’s Publications. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015.
^ "Considerations on the Chronology and History of 9th Century Cambodia by Dr. Karl-Heinz Golzio, Epigraphist - ...the realm called Zhenla by the Chinese. Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other" (PDF). Khmer Studies. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-05-24. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015.
^ Wolters, O. W. (1973). "Jayavarman II's Military Power: The Territorial Foundation of the Angkor Empire". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press (1): 21–30. JSTOR 25203407.
^ "The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire - Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada...p.14" (PDF). Studies Of Asia. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2016.
^ "Khmer Empire". The Ancient History Encyclopedia. Diakses tanggal 7 July 2015.
^ "AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY INSCRIPTION FROM ANGKOR WAT by David P. Chandler" (PDF). The Siam Society. Diakses tanggal 29 June 2015.
^ "Kingdom of Cambodia - 1431-1863". GlobalSecurity. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2015.
^ "Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders By Ross Marlay, Clark D. Nehe". Google Books. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2015.
^ "Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia". Institute of Historical Research (IHR). Diakses tanggal 26 June 2015.
^ "Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia during the Early Colonial Period ...transferring the lucrative China trade to Cambodia..." (PDF). Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology University of Oxford. Diakses tanggal 26 June 2015.
^ "Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000 By Ben Kiernan p. 102 The Vietnamese destruction of Champa 1390-1509". Google Books. Diakses tanggal 27 June 2015.

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Templat:Topik Kamboja

[1] Chandler, David (July 2009). "Cambodian History: Searching for the Truth". Cambodia Tribunal Monitor. Northwestern University School of Law Center for International Human Rights and Documentation Center of Cambodia. Diakses tanggal November 25, 2015. We have evidence of cave dwellers in northwestern Cambodia living as long ago as 5000 BCE.

[2] Mourer, Cécile; Mourer, Roland (July 1970). "The Prehistoric Industry of Laang Spean, Province of Battambang, Cambodia". Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania. Oceania Publications, University of Sydney. 5 (2): 128–146. JSTOR 40386114.

[Stark2006-3] Stark, Miriam T. (2006). "Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project" (PDF). Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. University of Hawai’i-Manoa. 26: 98–109. doi:10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11998. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015. The Mekong delta played a central role in the development of Cambodia’s earliest complex polities from approximately 500 BC to AD 600 ... envoys Kang Dai and Zhu Ying visited the delta in the mid-3rd century AD to explore the nature of the sea passage via Southeast Asia to India ... a tribute-based economy, that ... It also suggests that the region’s importance continued unabated

[Stark1999-4] Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, P. Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999). "Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. University of Hawai'i-Manoa. 38 (1): 7–36. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015. the development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by outsiders...

[5] ""What and Where was Chenla?", Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge" (PDF). Michael Vickery’s Publications. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015.

[6] "Considerations on the Chronology and History of 9th Century Cambodia by Dr. Karl-Heinz Golzio, Epigraphist - ...the realm called Zhenla by the Chinese. Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other" (PDF). Khmer Studies. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-05-24. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015.

[7] Wolters, O. W. (1973). "Jayavarman II's Military Power: The Territorial Foundation of the Angkor Empire". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press (1): 21–30. JSTOR 25203407.

[8] "The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire - Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada...p.14" (PDF). Studies Of Asia. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2016.

[9] "Khmer Empire". The Ancient History Encyclopedia. Diakses tanggal 7 July 2015.

[10] "AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY INSCRIPTION FROM ANGKOR WAT by David P. Chandler" (PDF). The Siam Society. Diakses tanggal 29 June 2015.

[11] "Kingdom of Cambodia - 1431-1863". GlobalSecurity. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2015.

[Google_Books-12] "Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders By Ross Marlay, Clark D. Nehe". Google Books. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2015.

[13] "Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia". Institute of Historical Research (IHR). Diakses tanggal 26 June 2015.

[14] "Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia during the Early Colonial Period ...transferring the lucrative China trade to Cambodia..." (PDF). Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology University of Oxford. Diakses tanggal 26 June 2015.

[15] "Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000 By Ben Kiernan p. 102 The Vietnamese destruction of Champa 1390-1509". Google Books. Diakses tanggal 27 June 2015.

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