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Ubaidillah bin Ziyad

Revisi sejak 14 Maret 2021 02.44 oleh A154 (bicara | kontrib)

Ubaidillah bin Ziyad (bahasa Arab: عبيد الله بن زياد) adalah seorang gubernur dinasti Umayyah di wilayah Basra, Kufah dan Khurasan selama masa pemerintahan khalifah Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan dan Yazid bin Muawiyah. Ia menjabat sebagai panglima tentara di bawah khalifah Marwan bin al-Hakam dan Abdul Malik bin Marwan. Ubaidillah dikenal karena perannya dalam pembunuhan anggota keluarga Ali bin Abi Thalib termasuk Husain bin Ali. Ubaidillah kemudian menjadi terkenal dalam sejarah karena perannya.

Ubaidillah bin Ziyad
Dirham peral dengan nama Ubaidillah
Gubernur Khurasan
Masa jabatan
673–676
Sebelum
Pendahulu
Ziyad bin Abihi
Sebelum
Gubernur Basra
Masa jabatan
674/75–684
Sebelum
Pengganti
Abdul Malik bin Abdullah bin 'Amir
Sebelum
Gubernur Kufah
Masa jabatan
679/680–683/684
Sebelum
Pengganti
'Amir bin Mas'ud bin Umayyah al-Jumahi
Sebelum
Informasi pribadi
MeninggalAgustus 686
Orang tua
Karier militer
PihakKekhalifahan Umayyah (673–686)
Pertempuran/perang
Sunting kotak info
Sunting kotak info • L • B
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Ia menggantikan ayahnya, Ziyad bin Abihi sebagai gubernur setelah kematiannya pada tahun 673. Selama pemerintahannya, Ubaidillah menekan pemberontakan Khawarij dan pendukung Ali. Dalam Pertempuran Karbala selanjutnya pada tahun 680, Husain bin Ali dan keluarganya dibunuh oleh pasukan Ubaidillah. Ubaidillah akhirnya diusir dari Irak oleh bangsawan suku Arab di tengah pemberontakan Abdullah bin Zubair.

Ubaidillah berhasil pergi ke Suriah di mana ia berhasil membujuk Marwan bin al-Hakam untuk menjabat sebagai khalifah dan membantu membangun kembali Kekhalifahan Umayyah yang hampir runtuh. Setelah itu, ia bertempur dalam Pertempuran Marj Rahith tahun 684 melawan suku-suku pro-Ibnu Zubair dan membantu membangun kembali pasukan Umayyah. Dengan pasukan ini dia berjuang melawan pemberontak suku Qais di al-Jazirah sebelum maju melawan pendukung Ali dan pendukung Ibnu Zubair di Irak. Namun, dia terbunuh dan pasukannya dikalahkan di Pertempuran Khazir oleh pasukan Ibrahim bin al-Asytar.

Kehidupan awal

Ubaidillah adalah putra dari Ziyad bin Abihi yang asal usul keturunannya tidak jelas; Ziyad lahir di luar nikah dan ayahnya tidak diketahui, sedangkan ibu Ubaidillah adalah selir dari Persia yang bernama Marjanah.[1] Ziyad menjabat sebagai Gubernur Umayyah di Irak dan wilayah timur provinsi tersebut, yang dikenal sebagai Khurasan, pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah Muawiyah I (memerintah 661–680).[2]

Sebagai Gubernur Irak dan Khurasan

Ubayd Allah's father prepared Ziyad to succeed him as governor, and indeed, after Ziyad's death in 672/673, Ubayd Allah became governor of Khurasan.[1] A year or two later, he was also appointed to the governorship of Basra.[1] According to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, Ubayd Allah was "more hasty and given to the use of force than his father, but a man whose devotion to the Umayyad cause could not have been doubted".[3]

In 674 he crossed the Amu Darya and defeated the forces of the ruler of Bukhara in the first known invasion of the city by Muslim Arabs.[4] From at least 674 and 675, Ubayd Allah had coins struck in his name in Khurasan and Basra, respectively.[1] They were based on Sasanian coinage and written in Pahlavi script.[1] The mints were located in Basra, Darabjird, Maysan, Narmashir, Jayy and, to a lesser extent, Kufa.[1] The latter was attached to Ubayd Allah's governorship in 679/680, giving him full control of Iraq.[1]

Suppression of the Shia of Ali

Mu'awiya died in 680 and was succeeded by his son Yazid I. Mu'awiya's designation of his son was an unprecedented act and shocked many in the Muslim community, particularly the Arab nobility of Kufa.[5] They long sympathized with Caliph Ali, Mu'awiya's former rival, and Ali's family.[5] One of Ali's sons, Husayn dispatched his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to Kufa to set the stage for Husayn's accession to the caliphate.[6][7] Ibn Aqil garnered significant support and was hosted by a prominent pro-Alid nobleman.[6][7] Ubayd Allah became aware of Ibn Aqil's activities, prompting the latter to launch a premature assault against the governor.[7] Ubayd Allah was holed up in his palace, but thirty men from his shurta (security forces) fended off Ibn Aqil's partisans, allowing Ubayd Allah to escape.[8] He then persuaded many Kufan noblemen to back him against Ibn Aqil, who was abandoned by his supporters and slain on 10 September 680.[7][9]

Husayn had already been en route to Kufa from Medina when he received news of Ibn Aqil's execution.[6][7] Ubayd Allah was prepared for Husayn's arrival and sent troops to intercept him.[6] They prevented Husayn and his small retinue from reaching the watered areas of the province.[5] The two sides negotiated for weeks, but Ubayd Allah refused Husayn entry into Kufa while Husayn refused to recognize Yazid's caliphate or return to Arabia.[6] In the end, a short battle was fought at Karbala on 10 October 680, in which Husayn and nearly all of his partisans were slain.[5][6][7] Husayn had never received the expected backing of his Kufan sympathizers, but the latter's resentment festered as a result of his death.[5] The slaying of Husayn, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, perturbed many Muslims.[5]

Role in Umayyad succession

The death of Yazid in 683 led to a major leadership crisis in the caliphate, and "the power of his house seemed to collapse everywhere", in the words of Orientalist Julius Wellhausen.[10] Ubayd Allah initially neglected to support Yazid's son and designated successor, Mu'awiya II and secured oaths of allegiance to himself from the Basran Arab nobility.[10] In a speech addressed to them, he emphasized his connection to Basra and promised to maintain the wealth of the city's inhabitants.[11] Nonetheless, the Basrans turned against him, forcing him to abandon his palace.[11][12] He was replaced by Abd Allah ibn al-Harith, a member of the Banu Hashim.[12] Ubayd Allah took refuge with the Azdi chieftain Mas'ud ibn Amr in late 683 or early 684.[12] He plotted to restore his governorship by encouraging Mas'ud to form an alliance of the Yamani and Rabi'a tribes against his opponents from the Banu Tamim and Ibn al-Harith.[13] Mas'ud took to the pulpit of Basra's mosque to stir up the revolt, but Tamimi tribesmen, under Ibn al-Harith's direction, stormed the building and killed Mas'ud.[13] After Mas'ud's death, Ubayd Allah fled the city practically alone in March 684, taking the Syrian desert route to Hawran or Palmyra.[11][12][14] In his rush to escape, he left his wife and family behind.[13]

When Ubayd Allah arrived in Syria, he found it in political disarray; Caliph Mu'awiya II had died weeks into his rule and a power vacuum ensued with many Syrian noblemen, particularly from the Qaysi tribes, switching allegiance to the rival, Mecca-based caliphate of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.[11] The latter had expelled the Umayyads from the Hejaz and among the exiles to Syria was Marwan ibn al-Hakam, an Umayyad elder.[15] Ubayd Allah persuaded Marwan, who was preparing to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty, to enter his candidacy as Mu'awiya II's successor.[16] The Umayyads' principal Syrian allies, the Banu Kalb, had sought to maintain Umayyad rule and nominated Mu'awiya II's half-brother Khalid as caliph.[16] However, the other pro-Umayyad Syrian tribes viewed Khalid as too young and inexperienced, and rallied around Marwan, who was ultimately chosen as caliph.[16]

Kampanye militer di Suriah dan Al-Jazirah

Ubaidillah berperang untuk mendukung Marwan dan sekutu sukunya melawan suku-suku Qais dibawah pimpinan Adh-Dhahhak bin Qais, seorang gubernur Damaskus, pada Pertempuran Marj Rahith bulan Agustus 684.[1] Pasukan Qais dikalahkan dan Adh-Dhahhak terbunuh. Ubayd Allah was put in command of Marwan's army which, during Marj Rahit, consisted 6,000 men from a handful of loyalist tribes.[17] According to Kennedy, Ubayd Allah "clearly intended to rebuild the Syrian army which had served Mu'awiya and Yazid I so well".[17] In the aftermath of Marj Rahit, Ubayd Allah oversaw campaigns against rebel Qaysi tribes for Marwan and his son and successor Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705) in the Jazira.[1] However, Marwan's forces were too little to assert Umayyad rule throughout the caliphate.[17] Thus, Ubayd Allah expanded recruitment to include various Qaysi tribes.[17] He placed Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni of Kindah as his second-in-command, and Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l-Kila' of Himyar, Adham ibn Muhriz of Bahila, al-Rabi'a ibn Mukhariq of Banu Ghani and Jabala ibn Abd Allah of Khath'am as deputy commanders.[17] Other than Husayn ibn Numayr, all the other commanders were either Qaysi or had earlier supported al-Dahhak against Marwan.[17]

In January 685, as Ubayd Allah was in Manbij preparing for the Umayyad reconquest of Iraq, Husayn ibn Numayr defeated the pro-Alid Penitents at the Battle of Ayn al-Warda.[1][18] Ubayd Allah had been promised by Marwan the governorship over all of the lands he could conquer from the Alids and Ibn al-Zubayr, and he may have been sanctioned to plunder Kufa.[18] For the following year, Ubayd Allah was bogged down in battles with the Qaysi tribes of Jazira led by Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi.[18] By 686, Ubayd Allah's army numbered some 60,000 troops.[17]

By the time Ubayd Allah's army approached Mosul toward Iraq, the Zubayrids under Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr had established themselves in Basra while al-Mukhtar ibn Ubayd took control of Kufa in the name of the Alid Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.[19] Al-Mukhtar dispatched Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar and an army composed largely of non-Arab freedmen to confront Ubayd Allah.[19] The latter fended off the first wave of al-Mukhtar's troops, and proceeded to face off Ibn al-Ashtar at the Khazir River.[19] In the ensuing Battle of Khazir, the Umayyad army was routed and Ubayd Allah was slain by Ibn al-Ashtar.[19] His commanders Husayn, Shurahbil and al-Rabi'a were also killed.[19] With Ubayd Allah's death, Caliph Abd al-Malik halted further advances against Iraq until 691.[19]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Robinson, p. 763.
  2. ^ Hasson 2002, p. 519.
  3. ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 74.
  4. ^ Gibb 2007, pp. 17–19.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kennedy 2004, p. 77.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Donner 2010, p. 178.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Wellhausen 1927, pp. 146–147.
  8. ^ Kennedy 2001, p. 13.
  9. ^ Crone 1980, p. 32.
  10. ^ a b Wellhausen 1927, p. 169.
  11. ^ a b c d Kennedy 2004, p. 78.
  12. ^ a b c d Madelung 1981, p. 301.
  13. ^ a b c Madelung 1981, p. 303.
  14. ^ Wellhausen 1927, p. 175.
  15. ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 78–79.
  16. ^ a b c Kennedy 2004, p. 79.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Kennedy 2001, p. 32.
  18. ^ a b c Wellhausen 1927, p. 185.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Kennedy 2004, p. 81.

Bacaan lanjut

Pranala luar

Didahului oleh:
Ziyad bin Abihi 		Gubernur Khurasan
673–676 		Diteruskan oleh:
Said bin Utsman
Didahului oleh:
Abdullah bin Amr bin Ghailan 		Gubernur Basra
674/675–684 		Diteruskan oleh:
Abdul Malik bin Abdullah bin 'Amir
Didahului oleh:
An-Nu'man bin Basyir al-Anshari 		Gubernur Kufah
679/680–683/684 		Diteruskan oleh:
'Amir bin Mas'ud bin Umayyah al-Jumahi
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