Buri Wolio
Buri Wolio adalah aksara Arab/Jawi yang dimodifikasi yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Wolio, sebuah bahasa yang terdapat di kota Bau-bau, pulau Buton, Sulawesi Tenggara. Secara umum aksara ini sama dengan aksara Jawi, hanya saja dalam aksara Buri Wolio, bunyi vokal ikut diberi tanda sehingga aksara ini tergolong dalam kelompok alfabet. Aksara ini memiliki jumlah huruf sebanyak 22 huruf, yaitu 17 huruf dari abjad Arab dan 5 huruf dari aksara Jawi.[1]
Huruf
| No. | Nama | Alih aksara | IPA | Bentuk | Bentuk mandiri | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akhir | Tengah | Awal | ||||||
| Latin | Arab | |||||||
| 1 | ʾalif | أَلِف | ā / ʾ
(also â ) |
various, including [[Open front unrounded vowel|/aː/]], ∅[a] |
ـا | ا | ||
| 2 | bāʾ | بَاء | b | /b/[b] | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | بࣹنتڠب |
| bhāʾ | ڀَاء | bh | /b/[b] | ـڀ | ـڀـ | ڀـ | ڀ | |
| 3 | tāʾ | تَاء | t | /t/ | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت |
| thāʾ | ثَاء | th
(also ṯ ) |
/θ/ | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث | |
| jīm | جِيم | j
(also ǧ ) |
/d͡ʒ/[b][c] | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج | |
| ḥāʾ | حَاء | ḥ
(also ḩ ) |
/ħ/ | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | |
| khāʾ | خَاء | kh
(also ḫ, ḵ, ẖ ) |
/x/ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ | |
| dāl | دَال | d | /d/ | ـد | د | |||
| dhāl | ذَال | dh
(also ḏ ) |
/ð/ | ـذ | ذ | |||
| rāʾ | رَاء | r | /r/ | ـر | ر | |||
| zāy / zayn | زَاي | z | /z/ | ـز | ز | |||
| sīn | سِين | s | /s/ | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س | |
| shīn | شِين | sh
(also š ) |
/ʃ/ | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش | |
| ṣād | صَاد | ṣ
(also ş ) |
/sˤ/ | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص | |
| ḍād | ضَاد | ḍ
(also ḑ ) |
/dˤ/ | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض | |
| ṭāʾ | طَاء | ṭ
(also ţ ) |
/tˤ/ | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط | |
| ẓāʾ | ظَاء | ẓ
(also z̧ ) |
/ðˤ/ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ | |
| ʿayn | عَيْن | ʿ | /ʕ/ | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع | |
| ghayn | غَيْن | gh
(also ġ, ḡ ) |
/ɣ/[b] | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ | |
| fāʾ | فَاء | f | /f/[b] | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف[d] | |
| qāf | قَاف | q | /q/[b] | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق[d] | |
| kāf | كَاف | k | /k/[b] | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | ك | |
| lām | لاَم | l | /l/ | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل | |
| mīm | مِيم | m | /m/ | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م | |
| nūn | نُون | n | /n/ | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن | |
| hāʾ | هَاء | h | /h/ | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه | |
| wāw | وَاو | w / ū / ∅ | /w/, /uː/, ∅[b] | ـو | و | |||
| yāʾ | يَاء | y / ī | /j/, /iː/[b] | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي[d] | |
| Character | Name | Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | Sound represented | Rumi equivalent | Unicode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا | alif | ـا | ا | /a/ or /ə/ | a, e pepet (ĕ) | U+0627 | ||
| ب | ba as in "bar" | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب | /b/ | b | U+0628 |
| ت | ta, as in "tar", known as opened 'ta' | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت | /t/ | t | U+062A |
| ث | sa | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث | /θ/ or /s/ | s | U+062B |
| ج | jim | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج | /d͡ʒ/ | j | U+062C |
| چ | ca as in "macha" | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ | /t͡ʃ/ | c | U+0686 |
| ح | ha known as opened and airy-sounded 'ha' | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | /ħ/ or /h/ | h | U+062D |
| خ | kha, silent 'k', harsh sounded 'h' | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ | /x/ | kh | U+062E |
| د | dal as in "dull" | ـد | د | /d/ | d | U+062F | ||
| ذ | zal | ـذ | ذ | /ð/ or /z/ | z | U+0630 | ||
| ر | ra as in "wrap" | ـر | ر | /r/ | r | U+0631 | ||
| ز | zai, 'ai' as in "eye" | ـز | ز | /z/ | z | U+0632 | ||
| س | sin | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س | /s/ | s | U+0633 |
| ش | sheen, like 'sh' in "harsh" | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش | /ʃ/ | sy | U+0634 |
| ص | sad | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص | /s/ | s | U+0635 |
| ض | dād | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض | /d/ | d | U+0636 |
| ط | tā | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط | /t/ | t | U+0637 |
| ظ | zā | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ | /z/ | z | U+0638 |
| ع | ain, as in "eye" with 'n' sound at the end | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع | /ʔ/ | a, i, u and -k | U+0639 |
| غ | ghain as in "rain" with harsh 'r' | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ | /ɣ/ | gh | U+063A |
| ڠ | nga | ـڠ | ـڠـ | ڠـ | ڠ | /ŋ/ | ng | U+06A0 |
| ف | fa as in "far" | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف | /f/ | f | U+0641 |
| ڤ | va as in "van" or p as in "pie" | ـڤ | ـڤـ | ڤـ | ڤ | /p/ | p | U+06A4 |
| ق | qaf as in 'coff' from "coffee" | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق | /ʔ/ and /q/ | q and -k | U+0642 |
| ک | kaf as in "calf" | ـک | ـکـ | کـ | ک | /k/ | k | U+06A9 |
| ݢ | ga | ـݢ | ـݢـ | ڬـ | ݢ | /ɡ/ | g | U+0762 |
| ل | lam as in 'lum' from slum | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل | /l/ | l | U+0644 |
| م | mim | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م | /m/ | m | U+0645 |
| ن | nun as in "noon" | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن | /n/ | n | U+0646 |
| و | wau as in "wow" | ـو | و | /w/ and /u, o, ɔ/ | w and u, o | U+0648 | ||
| ۏ | va | ـۏ | ۏ | /v/ | v | U+06CF | ||
| ه | ha, known as big (ha besar) or knotted 'ha' (ha simpul), deep sounded | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه | /h/ | h | U+0647 |
| ء | hamzah, 'ham' as in "hum" | ء | ء | /ʔ/ | a | U+0621 | ||
| ي | ya | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي | /j/ and /i, e, ɛ/ | y and i, e taling (é) | U+064A |
| ى | ye / alif maqsurah | ـى | ى | /ə, a/ | e pepet (ĕ), a | U+0649 | ||
| ڽ | nya | ـڽ | ـڽـ | ڽـ | ڽ | /ɲ/ | ny | U+06BD |
| ة | ta marbutah | ـة | ة | /t/ or /h/ | -t or -h | U+0629 |
- Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt either isolated or final form, because they cannot be joined with suffixing letter. (ا, د, ذ, ر, ز, و, ۏ)
- The letter hamzah is only present in isolated form in the Malay language.
Spelling
Modern Jawi spelling is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words.[3] Nonetheless, even different modern sources[4] may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the mater lectionis (alif "ا", wau "و" and ya "ي") and the hamzah 3/4 "ء", as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English.[butuh rujukan] One source[5] tends to use the following conventions;[6] there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless.
- Loanwords may be spelled differently. Particularly, loanwords from Arabic often keep their original spellings.
- The letters sa "ث", ha "ح", kha "خ", zal "ذ", sad "ص", dad "ض", ta "ط", za "ظ", ain "ع", ghain "غ", ta marbutah "ة" are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g. Selasa "ثلاث", huruf "حروف", khabar "خبر", beza "بيذا", fasal "فصل", darurat "ضرورة", talak "طلاق", zohor "ظهر", saat "ساعة", ghaib "غيب", sunat "سنة", khasiat " خصية". The letter va "ۏ" is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g. universiti "اونيۏرسيتي". The letters zai "ز", syin "ش", fa "ف", ye "ى" are mostly used to spell loanwords from English or Arabic e.g. zoo "زو", zapin "زاڤين", syif "شيف", syukur "شکور", filem "فيلم", fakir "فقير", nasionalisme "ناسيوناليسمى", takwa "تقوى".
- Rumi x used to spell loanwords from English may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g. kaf-sin "کس" in x-ray "ايکس-راي", zai "ز" in xenon "زينون".
- Native Malay root morphemes with Rumi k in the syllable coda are pronounced [ʔ] and are written with qaf "ق", e.g. tengok "تيڠوق", laksa, "لقسا", baiklah "باءيقله", kotakku "کوتقکو", kotakmu "کوتقمو". Loanwords from English with Rumi k are spelled with kaf "ک", e.g. klinik "کلينيک", teksi "تيکسي".
- Though there are exceptions,[a] vowels and diphthongs tend to be spelled this way:
| IPA | First letter of a root morpheme | Middle of a root morpheme, in an open syllable | Middle of a root morpheme, in a closed syllable | Last letter of a root morpheme | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rumi | Jawi | Rumi | Jawi | Rumi | Jawi | Rumi | Jawi | ||
| /a/, [ə] in open final syllables of root morphemes, or in the penult if followed by /h/ e.g. in usaha | Spelling | a | ا[b] | a | ـا[b] | a | ـا or omitted[b][c] | a | ـا or omitted[b][c] |
| Example | abu | ابو | cari | چاري | sampan, wang | سمڤن، واڠ | cuba, hanya | چوبا، هاڽ | |
| /e/ mostly, /ɛ/ in some words, i.e. e-taling | Spelling | e (é) | ايـ[b] | e (é) | ـيـ[b] | e (é) | ـيـ[b] | e (é) | ـي[b] |
| Example | ekor | ايکور | tengok | تيڠوق | rendang | ريندڠ | sate | ساتي | |
| /ə/, i.e. e-pepet | Spelling | e (ĕ) | ا[b] | e (ĕ) | (omitted)[b] | e (ĕ) | (omitted)[b] | e (ĕ) | ـى، [b]ـا[d] |
| Example | empat | امڤت | bersih | برسيه | sempit | سمڤيت | nasionalisme, memetabolismekan | ناسيوناليسمى، ممتابوليسماکن | |
| /i/, [e] in closed final syllables of root morphemes | Spelling | i | ايـ[b] | i | ـيـ[b] | i | ـيـ[b] | i | ـي |
| Example | ibu | ايبو | tiga | تيݢ | hampir | همڤير | kiri | کيري | |
| /o/ mostly, /ɔ/ in some words | Spelling | o | او[b] | o | ـو[b] | o | ـو[b] | o | ـو[b] |
| Example | obor | اوبور | bola | بولا | esok | ايسوق | soto | سوتو | |
| /u/, [o] in closed final syllables of root morphemes | Spelling | u | او[b] | u | ـو[b] | u | ـو[b] | u | ـو[b] |
| Example | ubi | اوبي | rugi | روݢي | tun | تون | biru | بيرو | |
| /ai̯/ | Spelling | ai | اءيـ[e] | ai | ـايـ | ai | ـاءيـ | ai | ـاي |
| Example | aiskrim | اءيسکريم | baiduri | بايدوري | sait | ساءيت | ramai | راماي | |
| /au̯/ | Spelling | au | اءو[e] | au | ـاو | au | ـاءو | au | ـاو |
| Example | aur | اءور | sauna | ساونا | taun | تاءون | pulau | ڤولاو | |
| /oi̯/ | Spelling | oi | اوويـ | oi | ـويـ | oi | ـوءيـ | oi | ـوي |
| Example | oidium | اوويديوم | boikot | بويکوت | eksploit | ايکسڤلوءيت | sepoi | سڤوي | |
- ^a When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include ada "اد", di "د", dia "دي" dan "دان", ia "اي", jika "جک", juga "جوݢ", lima "ليم", ke "ک", kita "کيت", mereka "مريک", ini "اين", itu "ايت", pada "ڤد", suka "سوک" and tiga "تيݢ".
- ^b Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be homographs in Jawi, e.g. sembilan and sambilan are both "سمبيلن", markah and merekah are both "مرکه", sesi and sisi are both "سيسي", biro and biru are both "بيرو", borong and burung are both "بوروڠ", golong and gulung are both "ݢولوڠ".
- ^c Using or omitting alif "ا" when representing /a/ in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:
- However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with wau "و", e.g. wau "واو", wap "واڤ", wang "واڠ".
- It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains /e/ and which second syllable is closed and begins with /wa/, e.g. words with a /Ce.waC/ structure like lewah "ليواه", mewah "ميواه", dewan "ديوان", tewas " تيواس", rewang " ريواڠ", gewang "ݢواڠ", sewat "سيوات", kelewang "کليواڠ", kedewas "کديواس", dewangga "ديواڠݢ".
- Final alif "ا" is generally kept to represent /a/ [ə] at the end of a word.
- However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C*a/ [Ca.C*ə], where /C*/ is any of the following 12 consonants ba "ب", ta "ت", pa "ڤ", sin "س", ga "ݢ", nun "ن", nya "ڽ", ca "چ", kaf "ک", jim "ج", mim "م" (mnemonic: betapa segannya cik jam "بتاڤ سݢنڽ چيق جم"), final alif "ا" is not written, e.g. raba "راب", mata "مات", sapa "ساڤ", rasa "راس", raga "راݢ", mana "مان", hanya "هاڽ", baca "باچ", raya "راي", baka "باک", raja "راج", nama "نام", sama "سام".
- Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with /a/ [ə], with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final alif "ا".
- ^d As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by ye "ى" in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by alif "ا" in Jawi instead, e.g. fatwa "فتوى" → memfatwakan "ممفتواکن", memetabolismekan "ممتابوليسماکن".
- ^e The hamzah (sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line "ء", or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in alif with hamzah above "أ", or even if it should be used at all in some words) may be used to spell some diphthongs at the start of words.
- Furthermore, it may be used to represent a hiatus, or a glottal stop [ʔ], especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g. dato' "داتوء", baik "باءيق", mulai "مولاءي", bau "باءو", daun "داءون", laut "لاءوت", peperiksaan "ڤڤريقساءن", kemerdekaan "کمرديکاءن", diambil "دأمبيل", dielakkan "دأيلقکن", diertikan "دأرتيکن", diikuti "دأيکوتي", diolah "دأوله", diutamakan "دأوتاماکن", keadaan "کأداءن", keempat "کأمڤت", keindahan "کأيندهن", keupayaan "کأوڤاياءن", seakan-akan "سأکن-اکن", seekor "سأيکور", seorang "سأورڠ".
- The letter fa ف was historically used to represent /p/ (Jawi: pa ڤ) and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because /f/ is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a /p/.
- Abjad numerals, Eastern Arabic numerals or Hindu–Arabic numerals may be used to number items in a list. Both Arabic numerals and Eastern Arabic numerals can be used in conjunction with written Jawi, but Arabic numerals are more preferred (except when indicating plural words, i.e. askar-askar = "عسکر٢").
Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eastern Arabic numerals ٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩
- The symbols "٫", "٬", "٪", "؉" and "؊" may be used as the decimal mark, thousands separator, percent sign, per mille sign and per ten thousand sign respectively when writing with Eastern Arabic numerals, e.g. 3.14159265358 "٣٫١٤١٥٩٢٦٥٣٥٨", 1,000,000,000 "١٬٠٠٠٬٠٠٠٬٠٠٠", 100% "٪١٠٠". See also: Modern Arabic mathematical notation.
- Full reduplication of base word is represented with the numeral "٢", e.g. anak-anak / anak2 "انق٢", berhati-hati / berhati2 "برهاتي٢" / "برهاتي-هاتي".
- Punctuation marks used in written Jawi are as follows:
Punctuation mark Malay name Rumi Jawi Rumi Jawi Comma Tanda koma تندا کوما , ⹁ Semicolon Tanda koma bertitik تندا کوما برتيتيق ; ⁏ Question mark Tanda soal تندا سوٴال ? ؟ Brackets Tanda kurungan تندا کوروڠن ( ) ﴾ ﴿
◌̌
Sumber
- ^ Bahasa Wolio di Kerajaan Buton[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
- ^ Che Wan Shamsul Bahri bin Che Wan Ahmad, Khairuddin bin Omar, Mohammad Faidzul bin Nasrudin, Mohd Zamri bin Murah, Khirulnizam Abd Rahman. "Comparative Study Between Old and Modern Jawi Spelling: Case Study on Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin". Academia.edu. K. Abd Rahman. Diakses tanggal 17 January 2016.
- ^ such as "Portal Rasmi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia". Nota Klinik Jawi Peringkat Lanjutan 2014. Diakses tanggal 16 January 2016.
- ^ "Jawi @ Arabic Converter". Ejawi.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 16 January 2016.
- ^ "Klinik Jawi di Radio IKIM.fm – Tutorial". Ejawi.net. Diarsipkan dari km?e=tutorial&a=kandungan&kategori&lihatID=48&show=1 versi asli Periksa nilai
|url=(bantuan) tanggal 9 June 2016. Diakses tanggal 16 January 2016.
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