Sealand
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Kepangeranan Sealand adalah sebuah entitas yang belum diakui, yang terletak di Fort HM roughs, sebelumnya pada Perang Dunia II merupakan pelabuhan laut Maunsell di Laut Utara 10 km (enam mil) dari lepas pantai Suffolk, Inggris (51 ° 53'40 "N, 1 ° 28'57 "E).
| Sealand | ||
| Bangsa mikro | ||
 Flag |
 Lambang negara | |
| Motto: E Mare Libertas (English: From the Sea, Freedom) Anthem: E Mare Libertas by Basil Simonenko | ||
 | ||
| Area yang diklaim | 550 m2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Populasi | 3 (2011) | |
| Tanggal pendirian | 2 September 1967 | |
| Kepemimpinan | Keluarga Bates | |
| Struktur organisasional | Oligarki, monarki konstitusional | |
| Bahasa | Inggris | |
| Mata uang yang diakui | Dollar Sealand (nilainya dipatok dalam USD)[1] | |
| Ibu kota | HM Fort Roughs | |
| Kelompok etnis | European, North American | |
| Demonim | Sealander, Sealandic | |
| PDB yang diklaim | US$600,000 (US$22,200 per capita)[2] | |
| Zona waktu | GMT | |
Sejak tahun 1967, fasilitas ini telah diduduki oleh seorang mantan Mayor Inggris Paddy Roy Bates; rekan dan keluarganya mengklaim tempat ini sebagai negara berdaulat yang independen.
Sejarah
Sejarah HM Fort Roughs
Pada 1943, selama Perang Dunia II, HM Fort Roughs dibangun oleh Britania Raya sebagai salah satu dari Benteng Maunsell,[3] terutama untuk pertahanan terhadap pesawat mine-laying Jerman yang mungkin menargetkan muara yang merupakan bagian dari jalur pelayaran penting; it comprised a floating pontoon base with a superstructure of two hollow towers joined by a deck upon which other structures could be added. The fort was towed to a position above the Rough Sands sandbar, where its base was deliberately flooded to allow it to sink to its final resting place on the sandbar. The location chosen was approximately 7 nautical miles from the coast of Suffolk, outside the then three-mile territorial water claim of the United Kingdom and therefore in international waters.[3] The facility (called Roughs Tower or HM Fort Roughs) was occupied by 150–300 Royal Navy personnel throughout World War II; not until well after the war, in 1956, were the last full-time personnel taken off HM Fort Roughs.[3]
Pendudukan oleh Roy Bates dan pembentukan Sealand
Pada tanggal 2 September 1967, benteng diduduki oleh Mayor Paddy Roy Bates, seorang warga Britania Raya dan penyiar radio "bajak laut", who ejected a competing group of pirate broadcasters.[4] Bates bermaksud untuk menyiarkan stasiun radio bajak lautnya, Radio Essex, dari platform.[5]
In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters in order to service a navigational buoy near the platform. Michael Bates (son of Paddy Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the former fort. As Bates was a British subject at the time, he was summoned to court in England on firearms charges following the incident.[6] But the court ruled that as the platform (which Bates was now calling "Sealand") was outside British jurisdiction, being beyond the then three-mile limit of the country's waters,[7] the case could not proceed. In 1975, Bates introduced a constitution for Sealand, followed by a flag, a national anthem, a currency and passports.[8]
Pada Agustus 1978 saat Bates dan istrinya sedang berada di Inggris, Alexander Achenbach, yang menyatakan dirinya sebagai perdana menteri Sealand, menyewa beberapa orang Jerman dan orang Belanda untuk menyerang platform tempat Sealand berada.[9] Mereka menterang platform dengan speedboat, jet ski, dan helikopter, serta berhasil menangkap anak Bates dan menjadikannya sandera. Bates berhasil mengambil alih kembali platform dan menangkap Achenbach serta pengikutnya yang terlibat. Achenbach, seorang pengacara Jerman yang memegang paspor Sealand, dituntut atas tuduhan pengkhianatan melawan Sealand [9] dan ditahan sampai ia membayar uang sejumlah 75.000 mark Jerman.[10] Pemerintah Belanda, Austria dan Jerman mengirimkan petisi kepada pemerintah Britania Raya, but the United Kingdom disavowed his imprisonment, citing the 1968 court decision. Pemerintah Jerman lalu mengirimkan diplomatnya dari kedutaan besarnya di London ke Sealand untuk bernegosiasi dalam pembebasan Achenbach. Roy Bates relented after several weeks of negotiations and subsequently claimed that the diplomat's visit constituted de facto recognition of Sealand by Germany.[9]
Following his repatriation, Achenbach and Gernot Pütz established a "government in exile", sometimes known as the Sealand Rebel Government, or Sealandic Rebel Government, in Germany.[9] Achenbach's appointed successor, Johannes Seiger, continues to claim via his website that he is Sealand's legitimate ruling authority.[11]
Referensi
- ^ "info_paper.id" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 22 June 2010.
- ^ "Information on the Principality of Sealand including GDP" (PDF). Summit of Micronations. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2007.
- ^ a b c Zumerchik, John (2008). Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues. ABC-CLIO Ltd. hlm. 563. ISBN 978-1-85109-711-1.
- ^ John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. hlm. 9. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
- ^ Gould, Jack (24 Maret 1966). "Radio: British Commercial Broadcasters Are at Sea; Illegal Programs Are Beamed From Ships". New York Times.
- ^ "Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off". Wired News. July 2000. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2007.
- ^ Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates, The Shire Hall, Chelmsford, 25 October 1968. "Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates". The Shire Hall, Chelmsford. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2007.
- ^ "The Principality of Sealand". Sealandgov.org. Diakses tanggal 21 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. hlm. 11. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
- ^ "Attempt to free captive from private 'island' fails". The Times. 5 September 1978. hlm. 3.
- ^ "Homepage of Sealandic Government in Exile". Sealandic Government in Exile. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2007.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Garfinkel, Simson. "Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off". Wired Magazine. July 2000. Vol. 8.07.
- Gilmour, Kim. "Sealand: Wish You Were Here?" Internet Magazine. August 2002.
- McCullagh, Declan (4 August 2003). "Has 'haven' for questionable sites sunk?". CNET News.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 December 2012. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2003.
- Lackey, Ryan. "Haven Company: What Really Happened". Address at Defcon 11. Las Vegas, 3 August 2003.
- Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt. "Republics of the Reefs": Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World's Oceans". California Western International Law Journal, vol. 25, no. 1. Fall 1994.
- Miller, Marjorie, & Boudreaux, Richard. "A Nation for Friend and Faux". Los Angeles Times. 7 June 2000. p. A-1.
- Slapper, Gary. "How a law-less 'data haven' is using law to protect itself". The Times. 8 August 2000. p. 3.
- "Stop signs on the web; The battle between freedom and regulation on the Internet". The Economist. 13 January 2001. p1.
- Strauss, Erwin S. How to Start Your Own Country, 2nd ed. Port Townsend, WA: Breakout Productions, 1984. ISBN 1-893626-15-6.
- Connelly, Charlie. Attention All Shipping: A Journey Round The Shipping Forecast, Abacus, 2005. ISBN 0-349-11603-2.
- Goldsmith, Jack, & Wu, Tim. Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World, 2006, ISBN 0-19-515266-2.
- Fogle, Ben. Offshore: In search of an island of my own, Penguin Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-102434-9.
- "License Plates of Sealand (Great Britain)." LICENSE PLATES OF THE WORLD. Web. 28 December 2009. <http://www.worldlicenseplates.com/world/EU_SEAL.html>.