Agama di Tiongkok
Tiongkok memiliki sejarah panjang dalam hal kepercayaan dan menjadi tempat dari asal muasal berbagai tradisi agama-filsafat di dunia. Konghucu dan Tao, ditambah Buddha, yang disebut "tiga pengajaran", memiliki pengaruh siginifikan dalam pembentukan budaya Tionghoa.[1][2] Unsur-unsur dari tiga sistem kepercayaan tersebut masuk ke dalam agama tradisional atau populer.[3] Agama-agama Tionghoa berorientasi keluarga. Beberapa sarjana tidak menggunakan istilah "agama" untuk menyebut sistem kepercayaan di Tiongkok, dan menganggap sebutan "praktik kebudayaan", "sistem berpikir" atau "filsafat" sebagai istilah yang lebih cocok.[4] Terdapat perdebatan mengenai apa yang harus disebut agama dan yang harus disebut beragama di Tiongkok.[5] Kaisar-kaisar Tiongkok mengklaim Mandat Surga dan ikut dalam praktik-praktik keagamaan Tionghoa, Sejak 1949, Tiongkok diperintah oleh Partai Komunis Tiongkok, yang, dalam teori, merupakan sebuah institusi ateis dan melarang para anggota partai tersebut untuk masuk sebuah agama.[6] Pada masa pemerintahan Mao Zedong, gerakan keagamaan ditentang.[7]
Secara demografi, sistem agama terbesar adalah "agama Tionghoa", yang tak hanya terdiri dari ajaran Konghucu dan Taois, unsur-unsur Buddha, namun juga berbagai tradisi lainnya, dan terdiri dari persekutuan dengan shen (神), sebuah karakter yang memadukkan berbagai dewa-dewa, yang dapat merupakan deitas lingkungan alam atau prinsip leluhur kelompok manusia, konsep sipilitas, pahlawan budaya, beberapa diantaranya menampilkan sejarah dan mitologi Tionghoa.[8] Beberapa dewa yang menyebarkan kultus adalah Mazu (dewi laut),[9] Huangdi (patriarkh ilahi seluruh Tiongkok, "Volksgeist" negara Tiongkok),[10][11] Guandi (dewa perang dan usaha), Caishen (dewa kemakmuran dan kekayaan), Pangu dan lain-lain. Tiongkok memiliki beberapa patung-patung tertinggi di dunia. Kebanyakan dari patung tersebut mewakili buddha-buddha dan dewa-dewa dan dibangun pada 2000an. Patung tertinggi di dunia adalah Wihara Musim Semi Buddha, yang terletak di Henan. Saat ini, pagoda tertinggi di dunia juga dibangun di negara tersebut di Wihara Tianning, dan stupa tertinggi di dunia di Wihara Famen. Buddha Tionghoa telah berkembang sejak abad ke-1, dan memberikan pengaruh besar di Tiongkok modern.
Para cendekiawan menyatakan bahwa di Tiongkok tidak ada batasan yang jelas antara agama-agama, khususnya Buddha, Tao dan praktik agama asli populer lokal.[12] Menurut analisis demografi paling terkini, sekitar 73,56% populasi di Tiongkok, tidak beragama/komunisme, 15,87% adalah Buddha, 7,6% adalah Taoisme, Sekte Rakyat dan organisasi keagamaan lainnya, 2,53% adalah Kristen, dan 0,45% adalah Islam. Selain agama lokal dan tradisional suku Tionghoa Han, terdapat juga kelompok etnis minoritas yang memeluk agama yang dapat ditemukan dimana ia berada sebagai agama rancangan diri terkenal pada kalangan intelektual.
Kepercayaan-kepercayaan tertentu secara khusus terikat dengan kelompok etnis tertentu yang meliputi Buddha Tibet. Kekristenan di Tiongkok diperkenalkan dua kali pada abad ke-7 dan ke-15, namun tidak mengakar sampai diperkenalkan kembali pada abad ke-16 oleh para misionaris Yesuit.[13] Misi-Misi Protestan dan kemudian Misionaris-Misionaris Katolik menyebarkan agama Kristen, yang mempengaruhi Pemberontakan Taiping pada abad ke-19.[14] Di bawah Ketidakberagamaan/Komunisme, para misionaris asing diusir, sebagian besar gereja ditutup dan sekolah-sekolah, rumah-rumah sakit dan panti-panti asuhan dirampas.[15] Dan pada masa Revolusi Kebudayaan, ada beberapa pendeta yang ditahan (dipenjara).[16]
Sejarah
Kuno dan pra-sejarah
Sebelum pembentukan sipilisasi Tiongkok dan persebaran agama-agama dunia di wikayah yang umumnya sekarang dikenal sebagai Asia Timur (yang meliputi perbatasan teritorial Tiongkok saat ini), suku-suku lokal disatukan oleh animistik, shamanik dan totemik, dan tokoh-tokoh pengajar seperti shaman yang dijadikan jalan dimana para pendoa, barang-barang keramat dan sesembahan terhubung dengan dunia spiritual. Warisan shamanik dan spiritual kuno tersaji pada masa sekarang dalam bentuk agama asli Tionghoa, termasuk Taoisme.[17][18]
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ Yao, 2011. p. 11
- ^ Miller, 2006. p. 57
- ^ Xie, 2006. p. 73
- ^ Rodney L. Taylor. Proposition and Praxis: The Dilemma of Neo-Confucian Syncretism. On: Philosophy East and West, Vol. 32, No. 2, April 1982. p. 187
- ^ Appropriation and Control: the Category of "Religion", and How China Defines It. Chapter Three in: Torri Gunn, Defining Religion with Chinese Characters: Interrogating the Criticism of the Freedom of Religion in China. (Master's thesis: University of Ottawa, 2011). pp. 17–50
- ^ Kuhn, 2011. p. 373
- ^ Kuhn, 2011. p. 362
- ^ Steven F. Teiser. What is Popular Religion?. Part of: Living in the Chinese Cosmos, Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Extracts from: Stephen F. Teiser. The Spirits of Chinese Religion. In: Religions of China in Practice. Princeton University Press, 1996.
- ^ China Zentrum: Religions & Christianity in Today's China Diarsipkan 2014-05-02 di Wayback Machine.. Vol. IV, 2014, No. 1. ISSN 2192-9289. pp. 22-23
- ^ Laliberté (2011), hlm. 7.
- ^ Sautman (1997), hlm. 80-81.
- ^ Yao (2010), hlm. 9-10.
- ^ Bays (2012), hlm. 7-15, 18-21.
- ^ Bays (2012), hlm. 48-52 ff.
- ^ Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of Christianity. Viking, 2011. p. 508
- ^ Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of Christianity. Viking, 2011. p. 531
- ^ Wang (2004), hlm. 60-61.
- ^ Yang & Lang (2011), hlm. 112.
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Media
- Euraxess Science Slam: Meihuaquan and Community Life in North China
- eRenlai Ricci: The boundary between religion and the state in China by Prof. Lagerwey
- GBTimes: THE DEBATE: Insight into religion in modern China (part 1)—Part 2
- Berkeley Center: Ritual Economy and Religious Revivial in Rural Southeast China
- Berkeley Center: Secularization Theory and the Study of Chinese Religions
- Berkeley Center: Understanding Contemporary Religious Pluralism in China