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Anne Rice

Revisi sejak 14 Desember 2021 11.00 oleh Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib) (+)

Anne Rice[1] (lahir dengan nama Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; 4 Oktober 1941 – 11 Desember 2021) adalah penulis Amerika Serikat yang menulis karya bergenre fiksi gotik, sastra erotik, dan sastra Kristen. Ia terkenal karena seri novel karyanya The Vampire Chronicles. Buku-buku dari The Vampire Chronicles menjadi subjek dari dua alih wahana film yaitu Interview with the Vampire (1994) dan Queen of the Damned (2002).

Anne Rice
Rice in 2006
Rice in 2006
LahirHoward Allen Frances O'Brien
(1941-10-04)4 Oktober 1941
New Orleans, Louisiana, Amerika Serikat
Meninggal11 Desember 2021(2021-12-11) (umur 80)
Rancho Mirage, California, Amerika Serikat
Nama pena
  • Anne Rampling
  • A. N. Roquelaure
PekerjaanNovelist
Pendidikan
Genre
Pasangan
​
​
(m. 1961; meninggal 2002)​
Anak2, including Christopher
Kerabat
Website
annerice.com
 Portal Sastra

Anne menghabiskan banyak masa kecilnya di New Orleans sebelum berpindah ke Texas dan kemudian ke San Francisco, California. Ia dibesarkan dalam keluarga Katolik yang taat, tetapi menjadi agnostik saat remaja. Ia memulai karier menulis profesionalnya dengan penerbitan Interview with the Vampire pada tahun 1976 saat tinggal di California dan mulai menulis sekuel novel itu pada dasawarsa 1980-an. Pada pertengahan dasawarsa 2000-an, setelah kembali memeluk agama Katolik, Anna menerbitkan novel Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt dan Christ the Lord: The Road to Cana, kisah fiksi tentang peristiwa tertentu dalam kehidupan Yesus. Beberapa tahun kemudian ia menjauhkan diri dari agama Kristen dengan alasan ketidaksepakatan dengan sikap Gereja Katolik tentang masalah sosial, tetapi berjanji bahwa iman kepada Tuhan tetap menjadi pusat kehidupannya. Namun, ia kemudian menganggap dirinya seorang humanis sekuler.[2]

Buku karya Anne telah terjual lebih dari 150 juta buku, sehingga menjadikannya salah satu penulis paling populer dan terlaris sepanjang masa.[3][4] Sementara tanggapan terhadap karya-karya awalnya pada awalnya beragam, ia menjadi lebih populer di kalangan kritikus dan pembaca pada dasawarsa 1980-an. Gaya penulisannya dan isi sastra dari karyanya telah dianalisis oleh para komentator sastra. Ia menikah dengan penyair dan pelukis Stan Rice selama 41 tahun, dari tahun 1961 sampai kematian Stan akibat kanker otak pada usia 60 tahun pada tahun 2002.[5][6] Ia dan Stan memiliki dua anak, yaitu Michele yang meninggal karena leukemia pada usia lima tahun dan Christopher yang juga seorang penulis.

Selain novel vampirnya, Anne menulis buku seperti The Feast of All Saints (dialihwahanakan ke televisi pada tahun 2001) dan Servant of the Bones yang menjadi dasar dari miniseri buku komik tahun 2011. Beberapa buku dari The Vampire Chronicles telah dialihwahanakan menjadi komik dan manga oleh pelbagai penerbit. Anne juga menulis fiksi erotis dengan nama pena Anne Rampling dan A. N. Roquelaure, termasuk Exit to Eden, yang kemudian dialihwahanakan menjadi film tahun 1994.

Kehidupan masa kecil

New Orleans dan Texas

Anne Rice lahir sebagai anak kedua dan keempat anak perempuan di New Orleans, Louisiana, pada 4 Oktober 1941 dari pasangan Katolik Irlandia Howard O'Brien dan Katherine "Kay" Allen O'Brien.[7][8] Ayahnya yang menjadi veteran Angkatan Laut Perang Dunia II dan penduduk seumur hidup New Orleans bekerja sebagai eksekutif personalia di Jawatan Pos Amerika Serikat dan menulis sebuah novel berjudul The Impulsive Imp yang diterbitkan selepas kematiannya.[9][10][11] Kakaknya, Alice Borchardt, kemudian menjadi penulis novel fantasi dan percintaan sejarah.[12]

Anne menghabiskan sebagian besar masa mudanya di New Orleans yang menjadi latar dari banyak karyanya. Ia dan keluarganya tinggal di rumah kontrakan nenek dari pihak ibu, Alice Allen, yang dikenal sebagai "Mamma Allen", di 2301 St. Charles Avenue di Irish Channel, yang menurut Rice secara luas dianggap sebagai "Ghetto Katolik".[13][14] Katherine yang mulai bekerja sebagai pembantu rumah tangga tak lama setelah berpisah dari suaminya yang pecandu alkohol merupakan pengaruh awal yang penting dalam kehidupan Anne, menjaga keluarga dan rumah tangga tetap kokoh saat ibu dari Anne semakin tenggelam dalam alkoholisme. Katherine meninggal pada tahun 1949, tetapi keluarga Howard tetap tinggal di rumahnya sampai tahun 1956, ketika mereka pindah ke 2524 St. Charles Avenue, yang merupakan bekas pastoran, biara, dan sekolah milik paroki, agar lebih dekat dengan gereja dan berupaya menyemangati Katherine yang kecanduan alkohol.[15] Semasa kecil, Anne bersekolah di St. Alphonsus School, sebuah lembaga Katolik tempat ayahnya bersekolah.[13]

Perihal nama pemberiannya yang tak biasa, Anne berkata:

Betul, nama lahir saya ialah Howard Allen karena tampaknya ibu saya berpikir itu adalah gagasan yang baik untuk menamai saya Howard. Ayah saya bernama Howard, ibu saya ingin menamai saya Howard dan ibu saya pikir itu adalah hal yang sangat menarik untuk dilakukan. Kepribadiannya sedikit seperti seorang Bohemia, sedikit gila, sedikit cerdas, dan seorang guru yang hebat. Dan ia memiliki gagasan bahwa menamai seorang wanita Howard akan memberikan wanita itu keuntungan yang tidak biasa di dunia.[16]

Namun, menurut biografi resmi Prism of the Night karya Katherine Ramsland, ayah Anne adalah sumber nama lahir putrinya, dengan menyebutkan, "Berpikir kembali ke hari-hari ketika namanya sendiri dikaitkan dengan anak perempuan dan mungkin dalam upaya untuk memberikan nama gadis kecil itu, Howard menamainya Howard Allen Frances O'Brien."[17] Anne menggunakan nama "Anne" pada hari pertama sekolahnya ketika seorang biarawati menanyai siapa namanya. Dia mengatakan "Anne" kepada biarawati itu yang ia anggap nama yang cantik. Ibunya yang bersamanya membiarkannya pergi tanpa memperbaiki nama itu mengetahui betapa sadar diri putrinya akan nama aslinya. Sejak hari itu, semua orang yang ia kenal memanggilnya dengan "Anne",[18][19] dan namanya diubah secara resmi pada tahun 1947.[1] Anne dikukuhkan di Gereja Katolik ketika berusia 12 tahun dan menggunakan nama lengkap Howard Allen Frances Alphonsus Liguori O'Brien, dengan menambahkan nama seorang santo dan bibinya yang adalah seorang biarawati. Katanya, "Saya merasa terhormat memiliki nama bibi saya, tetapi merupakan beban dan kegembiraan saya sebagai seorang anak untuk memiliki nama yang aneh."[20]

Ketika Anne menginjak usia 15 tahun, ibunya meninggal dunia karena kecanduan minuman beralkohol.[8][21][22] Segera setelah itu, ia dan saudaranya ditempatkan oleh ayah mereka di St. Joseph Academy. Anne menganggap St. Joseph Academy dengan berkata, "[St. Joseph Academy] ialah sesuatu yang keluar dari Jane Eyre ... jenis tempat abad pertengahan yang bobrok lagi mengerikan. Saya benar-benar membencinya dan ingin pergi. Saya merasa dikhianati oleh ayah saya."[23]

Pada November 1957, ayah Anne menikahi Dorothy Van Bever.[9] Tentang pertemuan pertama pasangan itu, Anne mengenang, "Ayah saya menulis surat resmi untuk mengundangnya makan siang yang saya antar ke rumahnya... saya sangat gugup. Dalam catatan itu, ayah saya menyertakan pin yang akan dikenakannya jika ia menerima undangan itu. Hari berikutnya Dorothy memakai pin.[9] Pada tahun 1958, ketika Anne berusia 16 tahun, keluarganya berpindah ke utara Texas dan membeli rumah pertama mereka di Richardson.[24] Anne pertama kali bertemu dengan calon suaminya, Stan Rice, di kelas jurnalisme saat mereka berdua masih menjadi siswa di Sekolah Menengah Atas Richardson.[25]

San Francisco dan Berkeley

Setelah lulus dari Sekolah Menengah Atas Richardson pada tahun 1959, Anne menyelesaikan tahun pertamanya di Universitas Wanita Texas di Denton dan dipindahkan ke North Texas State College pada tahun keduanya. Ia berhenti berkuliah ketika ia kehabisan uang dan tidak dapat menemukan pekerjaan.[26] Segera setelah itu, ia pindah ke San Francisco dan tinggal bersama keluarga seorang teman sampai menemukan pekerjaan sebagai pemproses klaim asuransi. Ia membujuk mantan teman sekamarnya dari Universitas Wanita Texas, Ginny Mathis, untuk bergabung dengannya dan mereka menemukan sebuah apartemen di distrik Haight-Ashbury. Ginny memperoleh pekerjaan di perusahaan asuransi yang sama dengan Anne. Segera setelah itu, mereka mulai mengambil kursus malam di Universitas San Francisco, sebuah sekolah Yesuit yang semuanya laki-laki yang mengizinkan perempuan untuk mengambil kursus malam. Semasa liburan Paskah, Anne pulang ke Texas dan menghidupkan kembali hubungannya dengan Stan. Setelah kembali ke San Francisco, Stan datang untuk kunjungan selama seminggu selama liburan musim panas. Beberapa waktu kemudian, Anne menerima surat pengantar khusus dari Stan yang memintanya menikahinya. Mereka menikah pada 14 Oktober 1961 di Denton segera setelah ia berusia 20 tahu dan terjadi ketika ia baru saja merayakan ulang tahunnya ke-19 tahun beberapa minggu sebelumnya.[27]

The Rices moved back to San Francisco in 1962, experiencing the birth of the hippie movement firsthand as they lived in the soon-to-be fabled Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, and later the Castro District.[28] "I'm a totally conservative person," she later told The New York Times, "In the middle of Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, I was typing away while everybody was dropping acid and smoking grass. I was known as my own square."[29] Rice attended San Francisco State University and obtained a B.A. in political science in 1964.[30] Their daughter Michele, later nicknamed "Mouse", was born to the couple on September 21, 1966, and Rice later interrupted her graduate studies at SFSU to become a Ph.D. candidate at the University of California, Berkeley. She soon became disenchanted with the emphasis on literary criticism and the language requirements. In Rice's words, "I wanted to be a writer, not a literature student."[31]

Rice returned to San Francisco State in 1970 to finish her studies in creative writing and graduated with an M.A. in 1972. Stan Rice became an instructor at San Francisco State shortly after receiving his own M.A. in creative writing from the institution, and later chaired the creative writing department before retiring in 1988.[31][32] Her daughter was diagnosed with acute granulocytic leukemia in 1970, while Rice was still in the graduate program. Rice later described having a prophetic dream—months before Michele became ill—that her daughter was dying from "something wrong with her blood." Michele died in 1972, shortly before she would have turned six.[33][34]

Rice's son Christopher was born in Berkeley, California, in 1978;[35] he would become a best-selling author in his own right, publishing his first novel at the age of 22.[36] Rice, an admitted alcoholic, and her husband, Stan Rice, quit drinking in mid-1979 so their son would not have the life that she had as a child.[37]

Karier kepenulisan

Pengaruh

Anne menyebut Charles Dickens,[38] Virginia Woolf,[39] John Milton,[38] Ernest Hemingway,[39] William Shakespeare,[39] Brontë bersaudari,[38] Jean-Paul Sartre,[13] Henry James,[21] Arthur Conan Doyle, H. Rider Haggard,[40] dan Stephen King[41] memiliki pengaruh terhadap karyanya. Ia berulang kali membaca novel Firestarter karya Stephen untuk mendapatkan ilham, dengan mengatakan, "saya mempelajari novel itu, Firestarter setiap kali saya tersekat. Membaca beberapa halaman pertama Firestarter membantu saya untuk terus maju."[41]

Interview with the Vampire

In 1973, while still grieving the loss of her daughter (1966–1972), Rice took a previously written short story and turned it into her first novel, the bestselling Interview with the Vampire. She based her vampires on Gloria Holden's character in Dracula's Daughter: "It established to me what vampires were—these elegant, tragic, sensitive people. I was really just going with that feeling when writing Interview With the Vampire. I didn't do a lot of research."[42] After completing the novel and following many rejections from publishers, Rice developed obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). She became obsessed with germs, thinking that she contaminated everything she touched, engaged in frequent and obsessive hand washing and obsessively checked locks on windows and doors. Of this period, Rice says, "What you see when you're in that state is every single flaw in our hygiene and you can't control it and you go crazy."[43]

In August 1974, after a year of therapy for her OCD, Rice attended the Squaw Valley Writer's Conference at Squaw Valley, conducted by writer Ray Nelson.[44] While at the conference, Rice met her future literary agent, Phyllis Seidel. In October 1974, Seidel sold the publishing rights to Interview with the Vampire to Alfred A. Knopf for a $12,000 advance of the hardcover rights, at a time when most new authors were receiving $2,000 advances.[45] Interview with the Vampire was published in May 1976. In 1977, the Rices traveled to both Europe and Egypt for the first time.[22]

Karya lain

Following the publication of Interview with the Vampire, while living in California, Rice wrote two historical novels, The Feast of All Saints and Cry to Heaven, along with three erotic novels (The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty, Beauty's Punishment, and Beauty's Release) under the pseudonym A. N. Roquelaure, and two more under the pseudonym Anne Rampling (Exit to Eden and Belinda). Rice then returned to the vampire genre with The Vampire Lestat and The Queen of the Damned, her bestselling sequels to Interview with the Vampire.[46]

Shortly after her June 1988 return to New Orleans, Rice penned The Witching Hour as an expression of her joy at coming home. Rice also continued her popular Vampire Chronicles series, which later grew to encompass ten novels, and followed up on The Witching Hour with Lasher and Taltos, completing the Lives of the Mayfair Witches trilogy. She also published Violin, a tale of a ghostly haunting, in 1997[47] Rice appeared on an episode of The Real World: New Orleans that aired in 2000.[48]

Rice called Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt, published in 2005, the beginning of a series chronicling the life of Jesus.[46] After moving to Rancho Mirage, California in 2006,[49] Rice wrote a second volume Christ the Lord: The Road to Cana, published in March 2008, and was working on a third Christ the Lord: Kingdom of Heaven in November 2008. She also wrote the first two books in her Songs of the Seraphim series, Angel Time and Of Love and Evil, and her memoir Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession.[46][50]

On March 9, 2014, Rice announced on her son Christopher's radio show, The Dinner Party with Christopher Rice and Eric Shaw Quinn, that she had completed another book in the Vampire Chronicles, titled, Prince Lestat,[51] a "true sequel" to Queen of the Damned. The book was released on October 28, 2014.[52] In 2015, a sequel to the Sleeping Beauty trilogy, Beauty's Kingdom, was released.[53]

Kehidupan pribadi

Kembali ke New Orleans dan memeluk Katolik

In June 1988, following the success of The Vampire Lestat and with The Queen of the Damned about to be published, the Rices purchased a second home in New Orleans, the Brevard–Rice House, built in 1857 for Albert Hamilton Brevard. Stan took a leave of absence from his teaching, and together they moved to New Orleans. Within months, they decided to make it their permanent home.[54]

Rice returned to the Catholic Church in 1998 after decades of atheism. On December 14, 1998, she fell into a coma, later determined to be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and nearly died.[55] She was later diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1, and was insulin-dependent.[56][57][58] In 2003, following the recommendation of her husband and carried out shortly after his death, Rice underwent gastric bypass surgery and shed 103 pounds.[59][60]

In 2004, Rice nearly died again from an intestinal blockage or bowel obstruction, a common complication of gastric bypass surgery. In 2005, Newsweek reported, "[Rice] came close to death last year, when she had surgery for an intestinal blockage, and also back in 1998, when she went into a sudden diabetic coma; that same year she returned to the Roman Catholic Church, which she'd left at 18."[61] Her return did not come with a full embrace of the Church's stances on social issues; Rice remained a vocal supporter of equality for gay men and lesbians (including marriage rights), as well as abortion rights and birth control,[62] writing extensively on such issues.[63]

In October 2005, while promoting her book, Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt, she announced in Newsweek that she would now use her life and talent of writing to glorify her belief in God, but she did not renounce her earlier works, citing a connection in her earlier work with the state of her spiritual life.[61]

In the Author's Note from Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt, Rice states:

I had experienced an old-fashioned, strict Roman Catholic childhood in the 1940s and 1950s ... we attended daily Mass and Communion in an enormous and magnificently decorated church.... Stained-glass windows, the Latin Mass, the detailed answers to complex questions on good and evil—these things were imprinted on my soul forever.... I left this church at age 18.... I wanted to know what was happening, why so many seemingly good people didn't believe in any organized religion yet cared passionately about their behavior and value of their lives.... I broke with the church.... I wrote many novels that without my being aware that they reflected my quest for meaning in a world without God.[64]

In her memoir Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession, Rice stated:

In the moment of surrender, I let go of all the theological or social questions which had kept me from [God] for countless years. I simply let them go. There was the sense, profound and wordless, that if He knew everything I did not have to know everything, and that, in seeking to know everything, I'd been, all of my life, missing the entire point. No social paradox, no historic disaster, no hideous record of injustice or misery should keep me from Him. No question of Scriptural integrity, no torment over the fate of this or that atheist or gay friend, no worry for those condemned and ostracized by my church or any other church should stand between me and Him. The reason? It was magnificently simple: He knew how or why everything happened; He knew the disposition of every single soul. He wasn't going to let anything happen by accident! Nobody was going to go to Hell by mistake.[65]

Meninggalkan New Orleans

On January 18, 2004, Rice announced on her website that she had made plans to leave New Orleans.[66] She cited living alone since the death of her husband and her son moving to California as the reasons for her move. On January 30, 2004, Rice put the largest of her three homes up for sale and moved to a gated community in Kenner, Louisiana.[67] "Simplifying my life, not owning so much, that's the chief goal", said Rice. "I'll no longer be a citizen of New Orleans in the true sense."[66] She sold two New York City condominiums in March and April 2005.[68] In 2005, after completing Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt, Rice left New Orleans, shortly before the events of Hurricane Katrina in August. None of her former New Orleans properties were flooded, and Rice remained a vocal advocate for the city and related relief projects.[69][70]

California

After leaving New Orleans, Rice settled first in La Jolla, California. In November 2005, she described the weather in La Jolla as "like heaven."[71][72] However, she left La Jolla less than a year after moving there, stating in January 2006 that the weather was too cold.[73] She purchased a six-bedroom home in Rancho Mirage, California in late 2005 and moved there in 2006, allowing her to be closer to her son in Los Angeles.[74][49]

On July 18, 2010, Rice auctioned off her large collection of antique dolls[75] at Thierault's in Chicago.[76] Beginning in mid-2010 and continuing through early 2011, Rice also began auctioning off her household possessions, collectibles featured in her many books, jewelry, and wardrobe on eBay.[77] She also sold a large portion of her library collection to Powell's Books.[78]

Menjaga jarak dari Kristen

On July 28, 2010, Rice publicly announced her disdain for the current state of Christianity on her Facebook page, stating, "Today I quit being a Christian.... I remain committed to Christ as always but not to being 'Christian' or to being part of Christianity. It's simply impossible for me to 'belong' to this quarrelsome, hostile, disputatious, and deservedly infamous group. For ten years, I've tried. I've failed. I'm an outsider. My conscience will allow nothing else."[79][80] Shortly thereafter, she clarified her statement: "My faith in Christ is central to my life. My conversion from a pessimistic atheist lost in a world I didn't understand, to an optimistic believer in a universe created and sustained by a loving God is crucial to me. But following Christ does not mean following His followers. Christ is infinitely more important than Christianity and always will be, no matter what Christianity is, has been, or might become."[81]

Following her announcement, Rice's critique of Christianity was commented upon by numerous journalists and pundits.[82][83] In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Rice elaborated on her view regarding being a member of a Christian church: "I feel much more morally comfortable walking away from organized religion. I respect that there are all kinds of denominations and all kinds of churches, but it's the entire controversy, the entire conversation that I need to walk away from right now."[84] In response to the question, "how do you follow Christ without a church?" Rice replied: "I think the basic ritual is simply prayer. It's talking to God, putting things in the hands of God, trusting that you're living in God's world and praying for God's guidance. And being absolutely faithful to the core principles of Jesus' teachings."[84] In 2011, Rice participated in the "I Am Second" project, with a short documentary about her spiritual journey. On April 14, 2013, Rice stated in a Facebook post that she was a secular humanist.[2] On July 28, 2014, Rice stated in a Facebook post that Christ is still central to her life, but not in the way he is presented by organized religion.[85][86]

Kematian

Anne meninggal dunia karena komplikasi stroke di sebuah rumah sakit di Rancho Mirage, California pada 11 Desember 2021, dua bulan selepas ulang tahunnya ke-80.[87][34] Menurut pernyataan dari anak Anne, keluarganya berencana memakamkannya di pemakaman keluarga di Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans.[87][34][88][89]

Alih wahana

Komik dan manga

Beberapa novel Anne telah dialihwahanakan ke komik dan manga. Berikut ialah daftar alih wahana berikut penerbit dan tahun penerbitan.

  • Anne Rice's The Vampire Lestat #1–12 by Innovation Comics (1990–1991),[90] compiled into one volume by Ballantine Books (1991)[91]
  • Anne Rice's The Mummy or Ramses the Damned #1–12 by Millennium Publications (1990–1992)[92]
  • Anne Rice's The Queen of the Damned #1–11 (#12 was never published) by Innovation Comics (1991)[93]
  • Anne Rice's The Master of Rampling Gate (one-shot) by Innovation Comics (1991)[92]
  • Anne Rice's The Vampire Companion #1–3 by Innovation Comics (1991)[93]
  • Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire #1–12 by Innovation Comics (1991–1994)[92]
  • Anne Rice's The Witching Hour #1–13 by Millennium Publications (1992–1993),[92] #1–3 compiled into Anne Rice's The Witching Hour: The Beginning by Millennium Publications (1994)[94]
  • (Jepang) by Animage (1995)[95]
  • Anne Rice's The Tale of the Body Thief #1–4 (numbers 5–12 were never published) by Sicilian Dragon (1999), completed in one volume by Sicilian Dragon (2000)[96][97]
  • Anne Rice's Servant of the Bones #1–6 by IDW Publishing (2011), compiled into one volume by IDW (2012)[98][99]
  • Interview with the Vampire: Claudia's Story by Yen Press (2012)[100]
  • The Wolf Gift: The Graphic Novel by Yen Press (2014)[101]

Daftar pustaka

Lihat pula: Daftar pustaka Anne Rice

The Vampire Chronicles

New Tales of the Vampires

Lives of the Mayfair Witches

Ramses the Damned

Christ the Lord

Songs of the Seraphim

The Wolf Gift Chronicles

Stand-alone novels

Sleeping Beauty (under the pseudonym A. N. Roquelaure)

Menggunakan nama samaran Anne Rampling

Nonfiksi

  • Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession (2008)[46]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Bowman 1995, hlm. 607.
  2. ^ a b Rice, Anne (April 14, 2013). "Anne Rice". Facebook. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 24, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2014. What do the words, "secular humanism," mean to you? Can you explain? (I am a secular humanist myself and I am thankful to be living in what I believe to be a secular humanist country, but I welcome your thoughts on this.) 
  3. ^ "Anne Rice". FantasticFiction. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 21, 2011. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  4. ^ "PreachingToday.com & Christianity Today". PreachingToday.com & Christianity Today. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 19, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  5. ^ Rice, Anne. "Phone Message Transcript: December 9, 2002". AnneRice.com. Anne Rice. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 10, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  6. ^ "Stan Rice Obituary". Legacy.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 21, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  7. ^ "Anne Rice". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 6, 2021. Diakses tanggal October 3, 2021. 
  8. ^ a b Husband, Stuart (November 2, 2008). "Anne Rice: interview with the vampire writer". London: The Daily Telegraph. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 13, 2017. Diakses tanggal September 11, 2010. 
  9. ^ a b c "O Obituaries Orleans Parish Louisiana". USGenWeb Archives. USGenWeb. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 31, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 22, 2012. 
  10. ^ "THE IMPULSIVE IMP by Howard O'Brien". Kirkus Reviews. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  11. ^ Rice, Anne. "The Impulsive Imp". AnneRice.com. Anne Rice. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 16, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  12. ^ "Rourke, Mary (August 3, 2007). "Alice Borchardt, 67; author wrote historical romance novels in second career after nursing". Los Angeles Times. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  13. ^ a b c McGarvey, Bill (November 22, 2005). "Busted: Anne Rice". Busted Halo. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 22, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2012. 
  14. ^ "Special-Interest Sightseeing: Anne Rice's New Orleans". John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 22, 2011. Diakses tanggal June 19, 2011. 
  15. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 34–35.
  16. ^ Rice, Anne. "You Asked, Anne Answered". AnneRice.com. Kith and Kin, LLC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 5, 1998. Diakses tanggal June 15, 2012. 
  17. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 10.
  18. ^ Interview "Called Out Of Darkness: Part 1: An Anne Rice Memoir" annerice.com channel, September 19, 2008 di YouTube
  19. ^ Rice, Anne. "Biography". AnneRice.com. Anne Rice. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 23, 2011. Diakses tanggal June 22, 2012. 
  20. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 28, 44.
  21. ^ a b Ferraro, Susan (October 14, 1990). "Novels You Can Sink Your Teeth Into". The New York Times Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 13, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 3, 2012. 
  22. ^ a b "Anne Rice Biography". Biography. AETN UK. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 10, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 22, 2012. 
  23. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 53.
  24. ^ ""The high school home," annerice.com YouTube Channel, March 17, 2011". YouTube. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 28, 2014. Diakses tanggal August 21, 2014. 
  25. ^ ""Returning to high school," annerice.com YouTube channel, March 17, 2011". YouTube. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 28, 2014. Diakses tanggal August 21, 2014. 
  26. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 66–67.
  27. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 67–77.
  28. ^ "Anne Rice". IMDb. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 25, 2018. Diakses tanggal August 3, 2017. 
  29. ^ Kellerman, Stewart (November 7, 1988). "Other Incarnations Of the Vampire Author". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 24, 2013. Diakses tanggal June 30, 2012. 
  30. ^ "An Interview with Anne Rice". San Francisco State University. 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 19, 2011. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  31. ^ a b Metcalfe, Anna (November 15, 2010). "Small talk: Anne Rice". Financial Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 15, 2012. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  32. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 112–113.
  33. ^ Wadler, Joyce; Greene, Johnny (December 5, 1998). "Anne Rice's Imagination May Roam Among Vampires and Erotica, but Her Heart Is Right at Home". People. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 30, 2011. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  34. ^ a b c Peltier, Elian (December 12, 2021). "Anne Rice, Who Spun Gothic Tales of Vampires, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  35. ^ Riley, Michael (April 1996). "Chronology". Conversations with Anne Rice (Soft cover). New York: Ballantine Books. hlm. xvi. ISBN 0-345-39636-7. 
  36. ^ "About Christopher". Christopher Rice, New York Times Best Selling Novelist. Christopher Rice. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 9, 2014. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2014. Christopher's first novel, A DENSITY OF SOULS, was published when he was just 22. 
  37. ^ "Don't Drink" Diarsipkan August 28, 2014, di Wayback Machine., annerice.com YouTube channel
  38. ^ a b c Rice, Anne. "Essay on Earlier Works". AnneRice.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 1, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 11, 2012. 
  39. ^ a b c Rice, Anne. "Anne's Chamber: Recommendations". AnneRice.com. Anne Rice. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 27, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 11, 2012. 
  40. ^ Cardin 2015, hlm. 358.
  41. ^ a b Cooper, Alice (March 11, 2016). "Alice Cooper Interviews Anne Rice on Religion, Vampires, Tom Cruise & Pot". Billboard. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 13, 2017. Diakses tanggal January 2, 2020. 
  42. ^ Stern, Marlow (November 23, 2011). "Anne Rice on Sparkly Vampires, 'Twilight,' 'True Blood,' and Werewolves". Book Beast. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 25, 2012. Diakses tanggal August 7, 2012. 
  43. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 157–158.
  44. ^ Mackay, Kathleen (February 11, 1997). "A Literary Friendship: Life Is Not A Footrace" (Paperback). Dalam Ramsland, Katherine. The Anne Rice Reader. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345402677. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2014. 'I remember what you were wearing,' Anne said recently, recalling our first meeting in August 1974. It was the first night of the weeklong writers' conference at Squaw Valley, California, and we were at a party welcoming us to the writers' community. 
  45. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 159–160.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Anne Rice". Encyclopaedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  47. ^ Ramsland 1991, hlm. 312–317.
  48. ^ "The Real World" Episode:Mardi Gras Mayhem
  49. ^ a b Dean, Jennifer (December 12, 2009). "Q&A with Anne Rice on 'Angel Time'". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  50. ^ Rice, Anne. "Anne's Messages to Fans". AnneRice.com. Anne Rice. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 30, 2008. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  51. ^ "Prince Lestat (Book)". January 5, 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 6, 2015. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2015. 
  52. ^ Seikaly, Andrea (March 10, 2014). "Anne Rice Announces New 'Vampire Chronicles' Book". Variety. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 23, 2014. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2014. Rice said Prince Lestat will be a 'true sequel' to her 1988 novel Queen of the Damned.... 
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (ed.). "Rice, Anne". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (edisi ke-4th). Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  54. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Ramsland312-317
  55. ^ "Anne Rice Says Diabetes Nearly Killed Her". ABC. June 26, 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 2, 2017. Diakses tanggal January 21, 2017. 
  56. ^ Anne Rice telephone message to fans about diabetic coma Diarsipkan September 26, 2011, di Wayback Machine. annerice.com, February 1, 1999.
  57. ^ Burke, Anne. "An Interview with Anne Rice" Diarsipkan November 19, 2011, di Wayback Machine. SFSU Magazine Online, Spring 2006.
  58. ^ Ayres, Chris. "The conversation: Anne Rice" Diarsipkan April 22, 2011, di Wayback Machine. The Sunday Times, December 7, 2009.
  59. ^ Anne Rice telephone message to fans about gastric bypass surgery Diarsipkan September 26, 2011, di Wayback Machine. annerice.com, February 17, 2003.
  60. ^ Adato, Allison. "Chapter Two: In a Newly Trim Body, Author Anne Rice Is Starting a New Life—One Without Her Beloved Husband or Favorite Vampire" Diarsipkan March 30, 2011, di Wayback Machine. People Magazine, Vol. 60, No. 25, December 22, 2003.
  61. ^ a b Gates, David. "The Gospel According to Anne" Diarsipkan October 29, 2021, di Wayback Machine. Newsweek, October 31, 2005.
  62. ^ O'Connor, Anne-Marie. "Twists of faith; Anne Rice's vision of Christianity is reflected in her new book" Diarsipkan August 3, 2010, di Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times, December 26, 2005.
  63. ^ Examples from her blog at AnneRice.com include:
  64. ^ Rice, Anne (2008). Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt: A Novel (trade paperback) New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-0-345-49273-9.
  65. ^ Rice, Anne (2005). Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-307-26827-3.
  66. ^ a b "Anne Rice announces she is leaving New Orleans, annerice.com, January 18, 2004". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 13, 2004. Diakses tanggal April 13, 2004. 
  67. ^ "Author Anne Rice sells a four-bedroom house she owned in Kenner, LA for $2.265M". BergProperties.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 24, 2011. 
  68. ^ McMullen, Troy (December 2, 2005). "The Price-Rise Chronicles". Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  69. ^ Rice, Anne (September 2005). "Anne's New Orleans: Hurricane Katrina" Diarsipkan March 2, 2010, di Wayback Machine.. annerice.com.
  70. ^ Rice, Anne (September 4, 2005). "Do You Know What It Means to Lose New Orleans?" Diarsipkan May 22, 2015, di Wayback Machine. The New York Times.
  71. ^ "The Gospel According to Anne". Newsweek. October 30, 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 26, 2011. Diakses tanggal June 18, 2011. 
  72. ^ "Anne Rice's rebirth". The San Diego Union-Tribune. November 3, 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 19, 2011. Diakses tanggal June 18, 2011. 
  73. ^ Showley, Roger M. (January 11, 2006). "Author Rice puts her La Jolla home up for sale for $11.5 million" Diarsipkan May 10, 2012, di Wayback Machine.. U-T San Diego.
  74. ^ Beale, Lauren (May 12, 2010). "Anne Rice puts Rancho Mirage home on the market". LA Times. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  75. ^ Anne Rice Doll Collection di YouTube, annerice.com YouTube channel, November 22, 2008
  76. ^ Denise Van Patten. ""Celebrated Author Anne Rice Discusses Her Beloved Doll Collection And Its Sale," About.com". About. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 6, 2010. Diakses tanggal June 18, 2011. 
  77. ^ Kellogg, Carolyn (March 23, 2011). "Going fast: Anne Rice's Ebay auction". Los Angeles Times Blog. Tribune Company. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 10, 2011. Diakses tanggal July 3, 2012. 
  78. ^ Giegerich, Andy (October 26, 2010). "Powell's Books buys Anne Rice collection". Portland Business Journal. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 16, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2012. 
  79. ^ "Anne Rice no longer Christian on publishednow.net". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 2, 2010. Diakses tanggal August 2, 2010. 
  80. ^ Kunhardt, Jessie (July 29, 2010). "Anne Rice: 'I Quit Being A Christian'". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 6, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2012. 
  81. ^ ""Anne Rice leaves Christianity" on CNN's Marquee Blog". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 1, 2010. Diakses tanggal July 30, 2010. 
  82. ^ "Writer Anne Rice: 'Today I Quit Being A Christian'". NPR.org. NPR. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 1, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 3, 2012. 
  83. ^ Grossman, Cathy Lynn (July 30, 2010). "Novelist Anne Rice ditches Christianity for Christ". USA Today. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 24, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2012. 
  84. ^ a b Mitchell Landsberg, "Anne Rice discusses her decision to quit Christianity." Diarsipkan August 11, 2010, di Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times. August 7, 2010.
  85. ^ "Writer Anne Rice: 'Today I Quit Being A Christian'". NPR.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 21, 2018. Diakses tanggal August 3, 2017. 
  86. ^ "Alice Cooper Interviews Anne Rice on Religion, Vampires, Tom Cruise & Pot". Billboard. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 13, 2017. Diakses tanggal August 3, 2017. 
  87. ^ a b "Anne Rice, author of gothic novels, dead at 80". Associated Press. December 12, 2021. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  88. ^ de los Reyes, Lisa (December 12, 2021). "Anne Rice, Author and Screenwriter of 'Interview With the Vampire,' Dies at 80". The Hollywood Reporter. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  89. ^ Rice, Christopher [@chrisricewriter] (December 12, 2021). "Earlier tonight, my mother, Anne Rice, passed away due to complications resulting from a stroke. She left us almost nineteen years to the day my father, her husband Stan, died. Below is a statement I posted to her Facebook page moments ago" (Tweet) – via Twitter. 
  90. ^ Overstreet, Robert M. (1993). Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (edisi ke-23rd). New York: Avon Books. hlm. 431. ISBN 9780380772209. 
  91. ^ "Books, Listed by Author". Locus. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  92. ^ a b c d Overstreet, Robert M. (2015). Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (edisi ke-45th (2015-2016)). Timonium, MD. hlm. 429. ISBN 9781603601757. 
  93. ^ a b Melton, J. Gordon (2011). The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead (edisi ke-3rd). Detroit: Visible Ink Press. hlm. 575. ISBN 9781578593484. 
  94. ^ Anne Rice's The Witching Hour: The Beginning. Millennium Publications. 1994. OCLC 39333135. 
  95. ^ Mangaka, anime sakka jinmei jiten [Writers of comics in Japan] (dalam bahasa Japanese). Tokyo: Nichigai Asoshiet̄su. 1997. hlm. 202. ISBN 9784816914232. OCLC 37468558. 
  96. ^ "Anne Rice's The Tale of the Body Thief". www.comics.org. Grand Comics Database. Diakses tanggal December 13, 2021. 
  97. ^ Rice, Anne; Perozich, Faye (2000). Anne Rice's Tale of the Body Thief: A Graphic Novel. London: Titan Books. ISBN 9781840232462. OCLC 44736360. 
  98. ^ "New Adaptation of Servant of the Bones Coming in August". IDW Publishing. April 1, 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 2, 2011. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  99. ^ "IDW's New Print & Digital Books This Week!". IDW Publishing. May 9, 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 13, 2012. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  100. ^ "Interview with the Vampire: Claudia's Story". Yen Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 12, 2021. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  101. ^ "The Wolf Gift: The Graphic Novel". Yen Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 12, 2021. Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  102. ^ "Playboy Magazine January 1979 vol. 26". 25th Anniversary Issue. Vintage Playboy Mags. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 26, 2014. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2014. 
  103. ^ Flood, Alison (March 11, 2014). "Anne Rice revives much-loved vampire for new novel Prince Lestat". The Guardian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 16, 2014. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2014. Prince Lestat, which will be published in October, and which Rice finished last year, will be a sequel to the first five Vampire Chronicles stories, she announced, and novel one of a new series. 
  104. ^ "Anne Rice, iconic author of gothic novels, dies at 80". Today (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 
  105. ^ "Ramses the Damned: The Reign of Osiris by Anne Rice, Christopher Rice: 9781101970331 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 9, 2021. Diakses tanggal August 9, 2021. 
  106. ^ a b Clute, John; Grant, John, ed. (1997). "Rice, Anne". The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 12, 2021. 

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