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Serikat (Perang Saudara Amerika)

Revisi sejak 21 September 2022 23.23 oleh Teknologi Positif (bicara | kontrib) (→Referensi/Catatan: Perubahan dalam memperbaiki/merapihkan suntingan.)

Selama Perang Saudara Amerika , Persatuan Amerika atau Persatuan , juga dikenal sebagai Utara , mengacu pada Amerika Serikat yang dipimpin oleh Presiden Abraham Lincoln . Itu ditentang oleh Negara Bagian Konfederasi Amerika (KA) yang memisahkan diri , yang secara informal disebut "Konfederasi" atau " Selatan ." Persatuan ini dinamai berdasarkan tujuannya yang dinyatakan untuk melestarikan Amerika Serikat sebagai serikat konstitusional. "Persatuan" digunakan dalam Konstitusi A.S. untuk merujuk pada pembentukan pendiri rakyat, dan negara bagian dalam persatuan. Dalam konteks Perang Saudara, itu juga sering digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk "negara bagian utara yang setia kepada pemerintah Amerika Serikat;"[1] dalam arti ini, Persatuan terdiri dari 20 negara bagian bebas dan lima negara bagian perbatasan .

Amerika Serikat

1861–1865
The flag of the United States of America from 1861 to 1863, with 34 stars for all the 34 states. In 1863 a 35th star was added to represent the new state of West Virginia (the loyal northwestern counties of Virginia), and in 1864 a 36th star for Nevada (previously the Nevada Territory)
Bendera
(1861-1863)
alt=Peta pembagian negara bagian dalam Perang Saudara Amerika (1861–1865). *   Persatuan Amerika pada tahun 1861 *   Klaim yang dibuat oleh Persatuan
Peta pembagian negara bagian dalam Perang Saudara Amerika (1861–1865).
  •   Persatuan Amerika pada tahun 1861
  •   Klaim yang dibuat oleh Persatuan
StatusKeadaan pantat
Ibu kotaWashington D.C.
Bahasa yang umum digunakan
Agama
Mayoritas:
Kristen Protestan
Minoritas:
Kristen Katolik
Yahudi
Agama-agama asli Amerika
PemerintahanRepublik konstitusional presidensial federal
Presiden 
Abraham Lincoln
• 1865
Andrew Johnson
Ketua DPR 
• 1861–1863
Galusha A. Grow
• 1863–1865
Schuyler Colfax
Ketua MA 
• 1861–1864
Roger B. Taney
• 1864–1865
Salmon P. Chase
LegislatifKongres Amerika Serikat
 - Majelis Tinggi
Senat
 - Majelis Rendah
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
Era Sejarahperang sipil Amerika
1860–1861
4 Maret, 1861
12 April–13, 1861
1 Januari, 1863
1864
13 Juli–16, 1863
Maret 1865
14 April, 1865
9 April–6 November 1865
Mata uangDolar Amerika Serikat
Sekarang bagian dariAmerika Serikat
Sunting kotak info
Sunting kotak info • Lihat • Bicara
Info templat
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Negara Utara atau Persatuan merupakan nama yang digunakan untuk merujuk pada sekelompok negara bagian di Amerika Serikat yang terletak di utara Garis Mason-Dixon, yang bergabung untuk berperang melawan Konfederasi Amerika selama Perang Saudara Amerika atas masalah perbudakan. Sebenarnya, Persatuan mencakup negara bagian di Amerika Serikat Utara seperti California, Oregon, Nevada (setelah tahun 1864).

Tentara Persatuan adalah formasi baru yang sebagian besar terdiri dari unit negara bagian, bersama dengan unit dari Angkatan Darat A.S. reguler . Negara bagian - negara bagian perbatasan sangat penting sebagai basis pasokan untuk invasi Persatuan Konfederasi, dan Lincoln menyadari bahwa dia tidak dapat memenangkan perang tanpa mengendalikan mereka, [1] terutama Maryland , yang terletak di utara ibukota nasional Washington, D.C. Timur Laut dan Midwest bagian atas menyediakan sumber daya industri untuk perang mekanis yang menghasilkan sejumlah besar amunisi dan persediaan, serta pembiayaan untuk perang. Timur Laut dan Barat Tengah menyediakan tentara, makanan, kuda, dukungan keuangan, dan kamp pelatihan. Rumah sakit tentara didirikan di seluruh Persatuan. Sebagian besar negara bagian Utara memiliki gubernur dari Partai Republik yang dengan penuh semangat mendukung upaya perang dan menekan subversi anti-perang, khususnya yang muncul pada tahun 1863–64. [1] Partai Demokrat sangat mendukung perang pada awal tahun 1861, tetapi pada tahun 1862, terpecah antara Demokrat Perang dan elemen anti-perang yang dikenal sebagai Demokrat Damai, yang dipimpin oleh ekstremis " Copperheads ". [1]Partai Demokrat membuat keuntungan elektoral besar pada tahun 1862 dalam pemilihan negara bagian, terutama di New York. Mereka kehilangan tempat pada tahun 1863, terutama di Ohio. Pada tahun 1864, Partai Republik berkampanye di bawah bendera Partai Persatuan Nasional , yang menarik banyak Demokrat Perang dan tentara [1] dan mencetak kemenangan telak untuk Lincoln dan seluruh tiketnya melawan kandidat Demokrat George B. McClellan .

Tahun-tahun perang cukup makmur kecuali di mana pertempuran serius dan perang gerilya melanda pedesaan. Kemakmuran didorong oleh pengeluaran pemerintah yang besar dan penciptaan sistem perbankan nasional yang sama sekali baru. Negara-negara Persatuan menginvestasikan banyak uang dan upaya dalam mengorganisir dukungan psikologis dan sosial untuk istri tentara, janda, dan anak yatim, dan untuk tentara itu sendiri. Sebagian besar tentara adalah sukarelawan, meskipun setelah tahun 1862 banyak yang mengajukan diri untuk melarikan diri dari wajib militer dan untuk mengambil keuntungan dari hadiah uang tunai yang ditawarkan dari negara bagian dan daerah. Perlawanan draft terkenal di beberapa kota besar, terutama di beberapa bagian Kota New York, dengan kerusuhan anti-draft besar-besaran pada Juli 1863 dan di beberapa distrik terpencil seperti daerah pertambangan batubara di Pennsylvania.

Anggota/Negara persatuan

Daftar artikel Wikipedia tentang negara bagian Persatuan dan kota-kota besar:

* Negara perbatasan dengan perbudakan pada tahun 1861

Memiliki dua pemerintah negara bagian, satu Persatuan satu Konfederasi, keduanya mengklaim sebagai pemerintah sah negara bagian mereka. Pemerintah Konfederasi Kentucky dan Missouri tidak pernah memiliki kendali yang signifikan.

Virginia Barat berpisah dari Virginia dan menjadi bagian dari Union selama perang, pada 20 Juni 1863. Nevada juga bergabung dengan Union selama perang, menjadi negara bagian pada 31 Oktober 1864.

  • Negara bagian di perbatasan: Di Kentucky dan Missouri, faksi pro-pemisahan mendeklarasikan diri sebagai bagian dari selatan dan negara-negara bagian tersebut diklaim oleh Konfederasi, dan pemerintah Negara Utara dan Konfederasi sama-sama menyatakan negara bagian tersebut adalah bagian dari wilayahnya.

Kansas bergabung dengan Negara Utara pada tanggal 29 Januari 1861 setelah krisis pemisahan berawal namun sebelum serbuan ke Fort Sumter. West Virginia berpisah dari Virginia dan menjadi bagian dari Negara Utara selama perang pada tanggal 20 Juni 1863. Nevada juga bergabung dengan Negara Utara selama perang, menjadi negara bagian pada tanggal 31 Oktober 1864.

Wilayah persatuan

Wilayah yang dikuasai Persatuan pada April 1861 adalah: [1]

Wilayah Indian melihat perang saudaranya sendiri, karena suku-suku besar memperbudak dan mendukung Konfederasi. [1]

Lihat juga

  • Kamp penjara Perang Saudara Amerika
  • Persatuan Abadi
  • Konfederasi Pusat

Referensi/Catatan

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Union (American Civil War)". Wikipedia (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2022-09-15. 

Bibliografi

Artikel utama: en:Bibliography of American Civil War homefront

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Bibliografi homefront Perang Saudara Amerika.

Survei

  • Cashin, Joan E. ed. The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War (2001),
  • Fellman, Michael et al. This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2nd ed. 2007), 544 page university textbook
  • Flaherty, Jane (June 2009). ""The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury" on the Eve of the Civil War". Civil War History. 55 (2): 244–277. doi:10.1353/cwh.0.0058. ISSN 1533-6271 – via Project MUSE. 
  • Ford, Lacy K., ed. A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. (2005). 518 pp. 23 essays by scholars excerpt and text search
  • Gallman, J. Matthew. The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (1994), survey
  • Gallman, J. Matthew. Northerners at War: Reflections on the Civil War Home Front (2010), essays on specialized issues
  • Heidler, David and Jeanne Heidler, eds, Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002) 2740pp
  • McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize
  • Nevins, Allan. War for the Union, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner; vol 1–4 cover 1848–61; vol 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
  • Resch, John P. et al., Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900 (2005)

Politik

  • Bogue, Allan G. The Congressman's Civil War (1989)
  • Carman, Harry J. and Reinhard H. Luthin. Lincoln and the Patronage (1943), details on each state
  • Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln (1999) the best biography; excerpt and text search
  • Engle, Stephen D. Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln and the Union's War Governors (u of North Carolina Press, 2016). 725 pp.
  • Fish, Carl Russell (1902). "Lincoln and the Patronage". The American Historical Review. 8 (1): 53–69. doi:10.2307/1832574. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1832574 – via JStor. 
  • Gallagher, Gary W. The Union War (2011), emphasizes that the North fought primarily for nationalism and preservation of the Union
  • Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (2005) excerpts and text search, on Lincoln's cabinet
  • Green, Michael S. Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War. (2004). 400 pp.
  • Harris, William C. Lincoln and the Union Governors (Southern Illinois University Press, 2013) 162 pp.
  • Hesseltine, William B. Lincoln and the War Governors (1948)
  • Kleppner, Paul. The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture (1979), statistical study of voting patterns.
  • Lawson, Melinda. Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (University Press of Kansas, 2002).
  • Luthin, Reinhard H. The first Lincoln campaign (1944) on election of 1860
  • Neely, Mark. The Divided Union: Party Conflict in the Civil War North (2002)
  • Paludan, Philip S. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration
  • Rawley, James A. The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War (1974).
  • Richardson, Heather Cox. The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (1997) online edition
  • Silbey, Joel. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era (1977).
  • Smith, Adam I. P. No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North (Oxford University Press, 2006)
  • Smith, Michael Thomas. The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North (2011) online review
  • Weber, Jennifer L. Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North (2006) excerpt and text search

Ekonomis

  • Brandes, Stuart. Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America (1997), pp. 67–88; a scholarly history of the munitions industry; concludes profits were not excessive
  • Clark, Jr., John E. Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat (2004)
  • Cotterill, R. S. "The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861–1865," American Historical Review (1924) 29#4 pp. 700–715 in JSTOR
  • Fite, Emerson David. Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War (1910) online edition, old but still quite useful
  • Hammond, Bray. "The North's Empty Purse, 1861–1862," American Historical Review, October 1961, Vol. 67 Issue 1, pp. 1–18 in JSTOR
  • Hill, Joseph A. "The Civil War Income Tax," Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 8, No. 4 (July 1894), pp. 416–452 in JSTOR; appendix in JSTOR
  • Lowenstein , Roger. Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War (2022); major scholarly survey; online review
  • Merk, Frederick. Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade (1916) online edition
  • Smith, Michael Thomas. The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North (2011) details on Treasury Department, government contracting, and the cotton trade
  • Weber, Thomas. The northern railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1999)
  • Wilson, Mark R. The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865. (2006). 306 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Ziparo, Jessica. This grand experiment: When women entered the federal workforce in Civil War–Era Washington, DC (UNC Press Books, 2017).
  • Zonderman, David A. "White Workers and the American Civil War." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (2021).

Intelektual dan budaya

  • Aaron, Daniel. The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (2nd ed. 1987)
  • Brownlee, Peter John et al., eds. Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North (2013) online review
  • Foote, Lorien and Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai. So Conceived and So Dedicated: Intellectual Life in the Civil War Era North (2015)
  • Gallman, J. Matthew. Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front (2015) how civilians defined their roles. online review
  • Fredrickson, George M. The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (1993)
  • Stevenson, Louise A. The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860–1880 (1991)
  • Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (1962)

Medis

  • Adams, George Worthington. Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (1996), 253pp; excerpt and text search
  • Clarke, Frances M. War Stories: Suffering and Sacrifice in the Civil War North (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
  • Grant, S.-M. "'Mortal in this season': Union Surgeons and the Narrative of Medical Modernisation in the American Civil War." Social History of Medicine (2014)
  • Maxwell, William Quentin. Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission (1956) online edition
  • Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine (2012) excerpt and text search

Balapan

  • McPherson, James M. Marching Toward Freedom: The Negro's Civil War (1982); first edition was The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (1965),
  • Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War (1953), standard history excerpt and text search
  • Voegeli, V. Jacque. Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War (1967).

Agama dan etnis

  • Brodrecht, Grant R. "Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War and Reconstruction." Ph.D. diss., University of Notre Dame, 2008.
  • Burton, William L. Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union Ethnic Regiments (1998)
  • Kamphoefner, Walter D. "German-Americans and Civil War Politics: A Reconsideration of the Ethnocultural Thesis." Civil War History 37 (1991): 232–246.
  • Kleppner, Paul. The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture (1979).
  • Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds. Religion and the American Civil War (1998) online edition
  • Miller, Robert J. Both Prayed to the Same God: Religion and Faith in the American Civil War. (2007). 260pp
  • Moorhead, James. American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869 (1978).
  • Noll, Mark A. The Civil War as a Theological Crisis. (2006). 199 pp.
  • Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. (2006). 544 pp.

Sejarah sosial dan demografi

  • Brownlee, Peter John, et al. Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North (University of Chicago Press, 2013) 193 pp. heavily illustrated.
  • Morehouse, Maggi M. and Zoe Trodd, eds. Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources (2013), 29 short essays by scholars excerpt
  • Raus, Edmund J. Banners South: Northern Community at War (2011), about Cortland, New York
  • Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays (1991), new social history; quantitative studies
  • Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations," Journal of American History Vol. 76, No. 1 (June 1989), pp. 34–58 in JSTOR
  • Veit, Helen Zoe, ed. Food in the Civil War Era: The North (Michigan State University Press, 2014)

Prajurit

  • Geary James W. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991).
  • Geary James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review." Civil War History 32 (September 1986): 208–228.
  • Hams, Emily J. "Sons and Soldiers: Deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Civil War," Civil War History 30 (June 1984): 157–71
  • Hess, Earl J. "The 12th Missouri Infantry: A Socio-Military Profile of a Union Regiment," Missouri Historical Review 76 (October 1981): 53–77.
  • Cimbala, Paul A. and Randall M. Miller, eds. Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments. (2002)
  • Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Cowards and heroes: Group loyalty in the American Civil War." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118.2 (2003): 519-548. Statistical study based on sample of 32,000 Union soldiers. online
  • Current, Richard N. (1992). Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508465-9. 
  • McPherson, James. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998), based on letters and diaries
  • Miller, William J. Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North's Civil War (1990)
  • Mitchell; Reid. The Vacant Chair. The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993).
  • Rorabaugh, William J. "Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments," Journal of American History 73 (December 1986): 695–701 in JSTOR
  • Roseboom, Eugene H. The Civil War Era, 1850–1873 (1944), Ohio
  • Scott, Sean A. "'Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure': Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity during the Civil War," Journal of Social History (2008) 41:843–866
  • Wiley, Bell I. The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952)

Negara bagian dan lokal

  • Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; online; for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia. Each year 1861 to 1902 includes several pages on each U.S. state.
  • Tucker, Spencer, ed. American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia (2 vol 2015) 1019pp excerpt
  • Aley, Ginette et al. eds. Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War (2013)
  • Bak, Richard. A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War. (2004). 239 pp.
  • Baker, Jean H. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870 (1973)
  • Baum, Dale. The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 (1984)
  • Bradley, Erwin S. The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872 (1964)
  • Castel, Albert. A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865 (1958)
  • Cole, Arthur Charles. The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870 (1919) on Illinois
  • Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926),
  • Current, Richard N. The History of Wisconsin: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (1976).
  • Dee, Christine, ed. Ohio's war: the Civil War in documents (2006), primary sources excerpt and text search
  • Dilla, Harriette M. Politics of Michigan, 1865–1878 (Columbia University Press, 1912) online at Google books
  • Gallman, Matthew J. Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War. (1990)
  • Hall, Susan G. Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862–1863 (2008)
  • Holzer, Harold. State of the Union: New York and the Civil War (2002) Essays by scholars
  • Hubbard, Mark. Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents (2012) excerpt and text search
  • Karamanski, Theodore J. Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (1993).
  • Leech, Margaret. Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865 (1941), Pulitzer Prize
  • Miller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 1: A Reference Guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War (2013) excerpt
    • Miller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War (2014) excerpt
  • Nation, Richard F. and Stephen E. Towne. Indiana's War: The Civil War in Documents (2009), primary sources excerpt and text search
  • Niven, John. Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (Yale University Press, 1965)
  • O'Connor, Thomas H. Civil War Boston (1999)
  • Parrish, William E. A History of Missouri, Volume III: 1860 to 1875 (1973) (ISBN 0-8262-0148-2)
  • Pierce, Bessie. A History of Chicago, Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871 (1940)
  • Schouler, William (1868). A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War. Boston: E.P. Dutton & Co. ISBN 9781582180014. OCLC 2662693. 
  • Ponce, Pearl T. Kansas's War: The Civil War in Documents (2011) excerpt and text search
  • Raus, Edmund J. Banners South: Northern Community at War (2011) about Cortland, New York
  • Roseboom, Eugene. The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, History of Ohio, vol. 4 (1944) online, Detailed scholarly history
  • Siddali, Silvana R. Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents (2009), primary sources excerpt and text search
  • Stampp, Kenneth M. Indiana Politics during the Civil War (1949)
  • Taylor, Paul. "Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013). x, 248 pp.
  • Thornbrough, Emma Lou. Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 (1965)
  • Ware, Edith E. Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction, (1916). full text online

Wanita dan keluarga

  • "Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History," Civil War History (2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.
  • Anderson, J. L. "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865," Annals of Iowa (2007) 66: 241–265
  • Attie, Jeanie. Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (1998). 294 pp.
  • Bahde, Thomas. "'I never wood git tired of wrighting to you.'" Journal of Illinois History (2009). 12:129-55
  • Cashin, Joan E. "American Women and the American Civil War" Journal of Military History (2017) 81#1 pp. 199–204.
  • Giesberg, Judith. Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front (2009) excerpt and text search
  • Giesberg, Judith Ann. "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War," Pennsylvania History (2005). 72: 159–191
  • Harper, Judith E. Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia. (2004). 472 pp.
  • McDevitt, Theresa. Women and the American Civil War: an annotated bibliography (Praeger, 2003).
  • Marten, James. Children for the Union: The War Spirit on the Northern Home Front. Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 209 pp.
  • Massey, Mary. Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War (1966), excellent overview North and South; reissued as Women in the Civil War (1994)
    • "Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History," Civil War History (2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.
    • Giesberg, Judith. "Mary Elizabeth Massey and the Civil War Centennial." Civil War History 61.4 (2015): 400–406. online
  • Rodgers, Thomas E. "Hoosier Women and the Civil War Home Front," Indiana Magazine of History 97#2 (2001), pp. 105–128 in JSTOR
  • Silber, Nina. Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. (Harvard UP, 2005). 332 pp.
  • Venet, Wendy Hamand. A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary Livermore. (U. of Massachusetts Press, 2005). 322 pp.

Sumber utama

Tautan eksternal

 
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