Bahasa Navajo

Bahasa Navajo atau bahasa Navaho (Diné bizaad) adalah sebuah bahasa pribumi di Amerika bagian utara dan tepatnya di sebelah barat daya Amerika Serikat. Bahasa ini terutama dipertuturkan oleh suku bangsa Navajo dan jumlah penutur bahasa ini kurang lebih adalah 175.000 jiwa. Bahasa Navajo termasuk rumpun bahasa Na-Dene. bahasa Navajo adalah bahasa yang dipakai sebagai sandi yang tak terpecahkan di perang dunia kedua.

Bahasa Navajo Diné bizaad
Dituturkan di	Amerika Serikat
Wilayah	Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado
Penutur	168,438 (2005) Perincian data penutur Jumlah penutur beserta (jika ada) metode pengambilan, jenis, tanggal, dan tempat. 169.369 (2011)
Rumpun bahasa Dené–Yeniseian Na-Dené Athabaskan-Eyak Athabaskan Athabaskan Selatan Southwestern Apache Western Navajo bahasa manusia bahasa pribumi Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) indigenous language of North America (en) Na-Dene (en) Athabaskan-Eyak (en) Athabaskan (en) Southern Athabaskan (en) Navajo
Kode bahasa
ISO 639-1	nv
ISO 639-2	nav
ISO 639-3	nav
Glottolog	nava1243
IETF	nv, i-navajo
ELP	Diné Bizaad (Navajo)
Status pemertahanan Punah EXSingkatan dari Extinct (Punah) Terancam CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis) SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat) DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Terancam) VUSingkatan dari Vulnerable (Rentan) Aman NESingkatan dari Not Endangered (Tidak terancam) ICHEL Red Book: Vulnerable Navajo diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa rentan (VU) pada Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan C10 Kategori 10 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa telah punah (Extinct) C9 Kategori 9 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sudah ditinggalkan dan hanya segelintir yang menuturkannya (Dormant) C8b Kategori 8b Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa hampir punah (Nearly extinct) C8a Kategori 8a Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sangat sedikit dituturkan dan terancam berat untuk punah (Moribund) C7 Kategori 7 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mulai mengalami penurunan ataupun penutur mulai berpindah menggunakan bahasa lain (Shifting) C6b Kategori 6b Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mulai terancam (Threatened) C6a Kategori 6a Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa masih cukup banyak dituturkan (Vigorous) C5 Kategori 5 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mengalami pertumbuhan populasi penutur (Developing) C4 Kategori 4 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan dalam institusi pendidikan (Educational) C3 Kategori 3 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan cukup luas (Wider Communication) C2 Kategori 2 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan di berbagai wilayah (Provincial) C1 Kategori 1 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa nasional maupun bahasa resmi dari suatu negara (National) C0 Kategori 0 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa merupakan bahasa pengantar internasional ataupun bahasa yang digunakan pada kancah antar bangsa (International) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EGIDS SIL Ethnologue: C6b ThreatenedBahasa Navajo dikategorikan sebagai C6b Threatened menurut SIL Ethnologue, artinya bahasa ini mulai terancam dan mengalami penurunan jumlah penutur dari waktu ke waktu Buka versi koordinat status pemertahanan rinci Referensi: Sampel Sampel teks Logo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Navajo yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut. Sampel teks lainnya
Lokasi penuturan
Lokasi penuturan Bahasa Navajo
Peta bahasa lain
Portal Bahasa

Pranala luar

• Hózhǫ́ Náhásdlį́į́ʼ - Language of the Holy People (Navajo web site with flash and audio, helps with learning Navajo), gomyson.com
• Navajo Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
• Some English - Diné Dictionary (pronunciations) Diarsipkan 2006-11-02 di Wayback Machine., blackmesais.org
• Contrasts between Navajo consonants Diarsipkan 2012-03-04 di Wayback Machine. (sound files from Peter Ladefoged). humnet.ucla.edu
• page of Navajo language links, angelfire.com
• Navajo Language & Bilingual Links Diarsipkan 2012-03-14 di Wayback Machine. (from San Juan school district). sanjuan.k12.ut.us
• Navajo Language Academy, navajolanguageacademy.org
• Tuning in to Navajo: The Role of Radio in Native Language Maintenance, jan.ucc.nau.edu
• An Initial Exploration of the Navajo Nation's Language and Culture Initiative, jan.ucc.nau.edu
• Báʼóltaʼí Adoodleełgi Bínaʼniltingo Bił Hazʼą́ (Center for Diné Teacher Education) Diarsipkan 2008-05-11 di Wayback Machine. Templat:Nv icon, dinecollege.edu
• Languagegeek Unicode fonts and Navajo keyboard layouts, languagegeek.com
• Navajo fonts Diarsipkan 2008-05-11 di Wayback Machine., dinecollege.edu
• The Navajo Language Diarsipkan 2005-03-21 di Wayback Machine., library.thinkquest.org
• Why No Writing on the Rez: An Inquiry into the History of Navajo Language Literacy, mac.com
• Navajo language (Encyclopedia of North American Indians) Diarsipkan 2006-02-12 di Wayback Machine., college.hmco.com
• Bibliography of Materials on the Navajo Language, swarthmore.edu
• Navajo vocabulary word list, native-languages.org
• Inventory of the Robert W. Young Papers, 1860-1992 (bulk 1823-1980) Diarsipkan 2007-03-12 di Wayback Machine., libxml.unm.edu
• Reflections on Navajo Poetry Diarsipkan 2008-07-09 di Wayback Machine., ou.edu

Linguistik

• Navajo reflections of a general theory of lexical argument structure Diarsipkan 2012-03-12 di Wayback Machine. (Ken Hale & Paul Platero), museunacional.ufrj.br
• Remarks on the syntax of the Navajo verb part I: Preliminary observations on the structure of the verb Diarsipkan 2015-08-23 di Wayback Machine. (Ken Hale), museunacional.ufrj.br
• The Navajo Prolongative and Lexical Structure Diarsipkan 2012-07-03 di Wayback Machine. (Carlotta Smith), cc.utexas.edu
• A Computational Analysis of Navajo Verb Stems Diarsipkan 2011-09-28 di Wayback Machine. (David Eddington & Jordan Lachler), linguistics.byu.edu
• Grammaticization of Tense in Navajo: The Evolution of nt’éé Diarsipkan 2012-12-12 di Wayback Machine. (Chee, Ashworth, Buescher & Kubacki), linguistics.ucsb.edu
• A methodology for the investigation of speaker’s knowledge of structure in Athabaskan Diarsipkan 2009-03-06 di Archive-It (Joyce McDonough & Rachel Sussman), urresearch.rochester.edu
• How to use Young and Morgan’s The Navajo Language Diarsipkan 2012-03-07 di Wayback Machine. (Joyce McDonough), bcs.rochester.edu
• Time in Navajo: Direct and Indirect Interpretation Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine. (Carlota S. Smith, Ellavina T. Perkins, Theodore B. Fernald), cc.utexas.edu

Bibliografi

Pendidikan

• Blair, Robert W.; Simmons, Leon; & Witherspoon, Gary. (1969). Navaho Basic Course. Brigham Young University Printing Services.
• Goossen, Irvy W. (1967). Navajo made easier: A course in conversational Navajo. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press.
• Goossen, Irvy W. (1995). Diné bizaad: Speak, read, write Navajo. Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf. ISBN 0-9644189-1-6
• Goossen, Irvy W. (1997). Diné bizaad: Sprechen, Lesen und Schreiben Sie Navajo. Loder, P. B. (transl.). Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf.
• Haile, Berard. (1941–1948). Learning Navaho, (Vols. 1–4). St. Michaels, AZ: St. Michael's Mission.
• Platero, Paul R. (1986). Diné bizaad bee naadzo: A conversational Navajo text for secondary schools, colleges and adults. Farmington, NM: Navajo Preparatory School.
• Platero, Paul R.; Legah, Lorene; & Platero, Linda S. (1985). Diné bizaad bee naʼadzo: A Navajo language literacy and grammar text. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute.
• Tapahonso, Luci, & Schick, Eleanor. (1995). Navajo ABC: A Diné alphabet book. New York: Macmillan Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-689-80316-8
• Witherspoon, Gary. (1985). Diné Bizaad Bóhooʼaah for secondary schools, colleges, and adults. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute.
• Witherspoon, Gary. (1986). Diné Bizaad Bóhooʼaah I: A conversational Navajo text for secondary schools, colleges and adults. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute.
• Wilson, Alan. (1969). Breakthrough Navajo: An introductory course. Gallup, NM: The University of New Mexico, Gallup Branch.
• Wilson, Alan. (1970). Laughter, the Navajo way. Gallup, NM: The University of New Mexico at Gallup.
• Wilson, Alan. (1978). Speak Navajo: An intermediate text in communication. Gallup, NM: University of New Mexico, Gallup Branch.
• Wilson, Garth A. (1995). Conversational Navajo workbook: An introductory course for non-native speakers. Blanding, UT: Conversational Navajo Publications. ISBN 0-938717-54-5.
• Yazzie, Evangeline Parsons, and Margaret Speas (2008). Diné Bizaad Bínáhoo'aah: Rediscovering the Navajo Language. Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf, Inc. ISBN 978-1-893354-73-9

Linguistik & referensi lain

• Akmajian, Adrian; & Anderson, Stephen. (1970). On the use of the fourth person in Navajo, or Navajo made harder. International Journal of American Linguistics, 36 (1), 1–8.
• Creamer, Mary Helen. (1974). Ranking in Navajo nouns. Navajo Language Review, 1, 29–38.
• Faltz, Leonard M. (1998). The Navajo verb: A grammar for students and scholars. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1901-7 (hb), ISBN 0-8263-1902-5 (pbk)
• Frishberg, Nancy. (1972). Navajo object markers and the great chain of being. In J. Kimball (Ed.), Syntax and semantics (Vol. 1, p. 259–266). New York: Seminar Press.
• Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-106-9. (Online edition: http://www.ethnologue.com/, accessed on November 19, 2004).
• Hale, Kenneth L. (1973). A note on subject-object inversion in Navajo. In B. B. Kachru, R. B. Lees, Y. Malkiel, A. Pietrangeli, & S. Saporta (Eds.), Issues in linguistics: Papers in honor of Henry and Renée Kahane (p. 300–309). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Navaho phonology. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology, (No. 1).
• Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13–23.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193–203.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1–13.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51–59.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1948). The Apachean verb, part IV: Major form classes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 14 (4), 247–259.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1949). The Apachean verb, part V: The theme and prefix complex. International Journal of American Linguistics, 15 (1), 12–22.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1970). A Navajo lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 78). Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Kari, James. (1975). The disjunct boundary in the Navajo and Tanaina verb prefix complexes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 41, 330–345.
• Kari, James. (1976). Navajo verb prefix phonology. Garland Publishing Co.
• McDonough, Joyce. (2003). The Navajo sound system. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5 (hb); ISBN 1-4020-1352-3 (pbk)
• Reichard, Gladys A. (1951). Navaho grammar. Publications of the American Ethnological Society (Vol. 21). New York: J. J. Augustin.
• Sapir, Edward. (1932). Two Navaho puns. Language, 8 (3), 217-220.
• Sapir, Edward, & Hoijer, Harry. (1942). Navaho texts. William Dwight Whitney series, Linguistic Society of America.
• Sapir, Edward, & Hoijer, Harry. (1967). Phonology and morphology of the Navaho language. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Speas, Margaret. (1990). Phrase structure in natural language. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-0755-0
• Wall, C. Leon, & Morgan, William. (1994). Navajo-English dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0247-4. (Originally published [1958] by U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Branch of Education, Bureau of Indian Affairs).
• Webster, Anthony K. (2004). Coyote Poems: Navajo Poetry, Intertextuality, and Language Choice. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 28, 69-91.
• Webster, Anthony K. (2006). "ALk'idaa' Ma'ii Jooldlosh, Jini": Poetic Devices in Navajo Oral and Written Poetry. Anthropological Linguistics, 48(3), 233-265.
• Webster, Anthony K. (2009). Explorations in Navajo Poetry and Poetics. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
• Witherspoon, Gary. (1971). Navajo categories of objects at rest. American Anthropologist, 73, 110-127.
• Witherspoon, Gary. (1977). Language and art in the Navajo universe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08966-8; ISBN 0-472-08965-X
• Yazzie, Sheldon A. (2005). Navajo for Beginners and Elementary Students. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Press.
• Young, Robert W. (2000). The Navajo verb system: An overview. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2172-0 (hb); ISBN 0-8263-2176-3 (pbk)
• Young, Robert W., & Morgan, William, Sr. (1987). The Navajo language: A grammar and colloquial dictionary (rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1014-1
• Young, Robert W.; Morgan, William; & Midgette, Sally. (1992). Analytical lexicon of Navajo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1356-6; ISBN 0825313566