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Fluiditas seksual

perubahan seksualitas atau identitas seksual
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Fluiditas seksual (bahasa Inggris: sexual fluidity) adalah satu atau lebih perubahan dalam seksualitas atau identitas seksual (kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai identitas orientasi seksual). Orientasi seksual stabil dan tidak berubah untuk sebagian besar orang, tetapi beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa orang mungkin mengalami perubahan dalam orientasi seksual mereka, dan ini lebih mungkin terjadi pada wanita daripada pria.[1] Tidak ada bukti ilmiah bahwa orientasi seksual dapat diubah melalui psikoterapi.[2][3] Identitas seksual dapat berubah sepanjang hidup seseorang, dan mungkin atau mungkin tidak selaras dengan jenis kelamin biologis, perilaku seksual, atau orientasi seksual yang sebenarnya.[4][5][6]

Orientasi seksual bukanlah pilihan.[7][8][9] Tidak ada konsensus tentang penyebab pasti berkembangnya orientasi seksual, tetapi pengaruh genetik, hormonal, sosial dan budaya telah diperiksa.[9][10][11] Para ilmuwan percaya bahwa itu disebabkan oleh interaksi kompleks dari pengaruh genetik, hormonal, dan lingkungan.[7][9][11] Meskipun belum ada satu teori pun tentang penyebab orientasi seksual yang mendapat dukungan luas, para ilmuwan lebih menyukai teori berbasis biologis.[7][12] Penelitian selama beberapa dekade telah menunjukkan bahwa orientasi seksual dapat berada di titik mana pun di sepanjang kontinum, dari ketertarikan eksklusif pada lawan jenis hingga ketertarikan eksklusif pada sesama jenis.[13]

Hasil studi longitudinal skala besar oleh Savin-Williams, Joyner, dan Rieger (2012) menunjukkan bahwa stabilitas identitas orientasi seksual selama periode enam tahun lebih umum daripada perubahan, dan stabilitas itu paling besar di antara pria dan mereka yang mengidentifikasi diri sebagai heteroseksual.[14] Sementara stabilitas mungkin lebih umum daripada perubahan, perubahan identitas orientasi seksual memang terjadi dan sebagian besar penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seksualitas perempuan lebih cair daripada seksualitas laki-laki. Hal ini dapat dikaitkan dengan plastisitas erotis perempuan yang lebih tinggi atau faktor sosial budaya yang mensosialisasikan perempuan agar lebih terbuka terhadap perubahan. Karena perbedaan gender dalam stabilitas identitas orientasi seksual, seksualitas pria dan wanita tidak diperlakukan sebagai berfungsi melalui mekanisme yang sama. Para peneliti terus menganalisis fluiditas seksual untuk lebih menentukan hubungannya dengan subkelompok orientasi seksual (yaitu, biseksual, lesbian, gay, dll.).

Penggunaan istilah fluiditas seksual telah dikaitkan dengan Lisa M. Diamond, terutama yang berkaitan dengan seksualitas wanita.[15][16] Istilah dan konsep tersebut mendapat pengakuan dalam profesi psikologi dan media.[17]

Debat budaya

Eksplorasi fluiditas seksual yang digagas oleh Lisa M. Diamond menghadirkan tantangan budaya bagi komunitas LGBT; ini karena meskipun peneliti biasanya menekankan bahwa perubahan orientasi seksual tidak mungkin terjadi, meskipun ada upaya terapi konversi, identitas seksual dapat berubah seiring waktu. Bahwa orientasi seksual tidak selalu stabil menantang pandangan banyak orang dalam komunitas LGBT, yang percaya bahwa orientasi seksual adalah tetap dan tidak berubah.[18]

Ada beberapa tingkat perdebatan budaya mengenai pertanyaan tentang bagaimana (dan jika) fluiditas ada di antara manusia,[19] termasuk pertanyaan tentang fluktuasi ketertarikan dan gairah pada pria biseksual.[20]

Fluiditas seksual mungkin tumpang tindih dengan label abroseksual, yang telah digunakan untuk merujuk pada perubahan reguler dalam seksualitas seseorang.[21][22]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616  . PMID 27113562. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-12-02. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-19. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation.... We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex. 
    • Seth J. Schwartz; Koen Luyckx; Vivian L. Vignoles (2011). Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 652. ISBN 978-1441979889. Diakses tanggal February 18, 2016. Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987). 
    • Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. hlm. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Diakses tanggal February 18, 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime. 
    • American Psychological Association (2012). "Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2019-06-16. Diakses tanggal June 23, 2019. [S]ome research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). [...] Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as “sexual orientation change efforts” (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992). 
    • Eric Anderson; Mark McCormack (2016). "Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality". The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 47. ISBN 978-3-319-29412-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-22. Diakses tanggal June 22, 2019. [R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as sexual fluidity. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people. 
  2. ^ American Psychological Association (2012). "Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2019-06-16. Diakses tanggal June 23, 2019. Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992). 
  3. ^ "Royal College of Psychiatrists' Position Statement on Sexual Orientation" (PDF). Royal College of Psychiatrists. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-17. Diakses tanggal June 21, 2019. The College believes strongly in evidence-based treatment. There is no sound scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed. Systematic reviews carried out by both the APA and Serovich et al suggest that studies which have shown conversion therapies to be successful are seriously methodologically flawed. 
  4. ^ Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 ISBN 9780981450513
  5. ^ Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. (2006). "Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time". Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. PMC 3215279  . PMID 16817067. 
  6. ^ Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. (2003). "Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association. 30 (2): 110–113. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003. PMID 12567166. 
  7. ^ a b c Frankowski B.L.; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827  . PMID 15173519. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-03-20. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-19. The mechanisms for the development of a particular sexual orientation remain unclear, but the current literature and most scholars in the field state that one’s sexual orientation is not a choice; that is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual or heterosexual. A variety of theories about the influences on sexual orientation have been proposed. Sexual orientation probably is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. 
  8. ^ Gloria Kersey-Matusiak (2012). Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. hlm. 169. ISBN 978-0826193810. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-03. Diakses tanggal February 10, 2016. Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.' 
  9. ^ a b c Mary Ann Lamanna; Agnes Riedmann; Susan D Stewart (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. hlm. 82. ISBN 978-1305176898. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-03. Diakses tanggal February 11, 2016. The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established  – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010). 
  10. ^ "Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality". American Psychological Association. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-20. Diakses tanggal February 9, 2016. 
  11. ^ a b Gail Wiscarz Stuart (2014). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. hlm. 502. ISBN 978-0323294126. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-03. Diakses tanggal February 11, 2016. No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation. 
  12. ^ Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (21): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616  . PMID 27113562. 
  13. ^ "Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 8, 2013. Diakses tanggal August 10, 2013. 
  14. ^ Savin-Williams, R.C.; Joyner, K.; Rieger, G. (2012). "Prevalence and stability of self-reported sexual orientation identity during young adulthood". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9913-y. PMID 22302504. 
  15. ^ Wayne Weiten; Dana S. Dunn; Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2016). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning. hlm. 341. ISBN 978-1337517072. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-22. Diakses tanggal April 4, 2017. 
  16. ^ Robert L. Crooks; Karla Baur (2016). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. hlm. 298. ISBN 978-1305887428. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-22. Diakses tanggal April 4, 2017. 
  17. ^ The pansexual revolution: how sexual fluidity became mainstream Diarsipkan 2021-01-28 di Wayback Machine., Gaby Hinsliff, "The Guardian", 14 February 2019, accessed 20 May 2021
  18. ^ "Exploring the Umbrella: Bisexuality and Fluidity" Diarsipkan 2014-07-15 di Wayback Machine., Trudy Ring for The Advocate, February 11, 2014
  19. ^ "Why men's sex lives are more complicated than you think" Diarsipkan 2016-06-28 di Wayback Machine., Nico Lang for "The Daily Dot", Jan 30, 2015
  20. ^ "Case Closed: Bisexual Men Exist!" Diarsipkan 2016-08-18 di Wayback Machine., Dan Savage for The Stranger, Aug. 16, 2011
  21. ^ "LGBTQ+ 101 - What does abrosexual mean?". Gay Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2021-06-21. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-02. Diakses tanggal 2021-09-22. 
  22. ^ Francis, Shadeen (2020), Rowland, David L.; Jannini, Emmanuele A., ed., "Sexual Fluidity Behind Culture", Cultural Differences and the Practice of Sexual Medicine: A Guide for Sexual Health Practitioners, Trends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine (dalam bahasa Inggris), Cham: Springer International Publishing, hlm. 115–132, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_7, ISBN 978-3-030-36222-5, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-10, diakses tanggal 2021-09-22 
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