Cacing biji pasang

Acorn worms; Rentang waktu: 505–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	oleh Johann Wilhelm Spengel [de], 1893
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Takson tak dikenal (perbaiki):	Enteropneusta (order)
Famili
	†Oesia; †Spartobranchus; Tornaria (larvae); Harrimaniidae; Ptychoderidae; Spengeliidae; Torquaratoridae; Stereobalanus;

Bantuan taxobox otomatis
	Terima kasih atas jasa Anda dalam menerapkan templat taksonomi otomatis. Kami tidak menemukan halaman taksonomi untuk "Enteropneusta (order)". Apakah "Enteropneusta (order)" merupakan nama ilmiah takson tersebut? Apabila Anda saat ini sedang menyunting halaman "Hewan", kamu harus sesuaikan menjadi \|taxon=Animalia. Jika Anda sudah selesai memperbaiki templat tersebut, tekan "Pratayang" untuk memperbarui pesan ini.; Klik (order)&preload=Template:Taxonomy/preload pranala ini untuk memasukkan detail taksonomi untuk "Enteropneusta (order)".;
Parameter umum
	\|authority= Siapa yang mencetuskan takson; \|parent authority= Siapa yang mencetuskan takson induk; \|display parents=4 memaksa untuk menampilkan empat takson induk;
Halaman yang dapat membantu Anda
	Dokumentasi penuh (dan daftar semua parameter);

Bantuan {{automatic taxobox}}

Cacing biji ek atau Enteropneusta adalah sebuah kelas invertebrata hemichordata yang hanya memiliki satu ordo dengan nama yang sama.^[1] Kerabat non-hemichordata terdekat dari Enteropenusta adalah echinodermata.^[2] Terdapat 111 spesies cacing biji ek yang diketahui dari seluruh dunia,^[3] dengan spesies utama yang digunakan untuk penelitian adalah Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Dua famili, Harrimaniidae dan Ptychoderidae, berpisah setidaknya pada 370 juta tahun lalu.^[4]

Hingga baru-baru ini, ilmuwan menganggap bahwa semua spesies cacing biji ek hidup di sedimen di dasar laut, hidup sebagai pemakan deposit atau penyaring. Namun, awal abad ke-21 melihat deskripsi satu famili baru, Torquaratoridae, yang hanya dapat ditemukan di laut dalam, yang mana pada wilayah tersebut kebanyakan dari spesies famili tersebut merangkak pada pemukaan dasar laut dan kalau tidak, mereka naik ke arus air dan mengambang ke wilayah-wilayah baru.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Ilmuwan menganggap bahwa leluhur dari Enteropneusta hidup di tabung seperti kerabatnya, Pterobranchia, namun mereka mulai hidup pada tempat yang lebih aman dan terlindung, yaitu galian sedimen.^[10] Panjang tubuhnya biasanya adalah sekitar 2 cm sampai 2.5 m (Balanoglossus gigas),^[11] namun satu spesies kerdil, Meioglossus psammophilus, hanya memiliki panjang 0.6 milimeter.^[12] Karena sekresi yang mengandung elemen seperti iodin, hewan ini memiliki bau mirip iodoform.^[13]

Referensi

^ Konikoff, C (2011). "Enteropneusta". World Register of Marine Species.
^ Cameron, CB; Garey, JR; Swalla, BJ (2000). "Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4469–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4469C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4469  . PMC 18258  . PMID 10781046.
^ Biogeography and adaptations of torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta) including two new species from the Canadian Arctic - Research Proposal - Papyrus - Université de Montréal
^ Simakov, Oleg; Kawashima, Takeshi; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Jenkins, Jerry; Koyanagi, Ryo; Mitros, Therese; Hisata, Kanako; Bredeson, Jessen; Shoguchi, Eiichi; Gyoja, Fuki; Yue, Jia-Xing; Chen, Yi-Chih; Freeman, Robert M.; Sasaki, Akane; Hikosaka-Katayama, Tomoe; Sato, Atsuko; Fujie, Manabu; Baughman, Kenneth W.; Levine, Judith; Gonzalez, Paul; Cameron, Christopher; Fritzenwanker, Jens H.; Pani, Ariel M.; Goto, Hiroki; Kanda, Miyuki; Arakaki, Nana; Yamasaki, Shinichi; Qu, Jiaxin; Cree, Andrew; Ding, Yan; Dinh, Huyen H.; Dugan, Shannon; Holder, Michael; Jhangiani, Shalini N.; Kovar, Christie L.; Lee, Sandra L.; Lewis, Lora R.; Morton, Donna; Nazareth, Lynne V.; Okwuonu, Geoffrey; Santibanez, Jireh; Chen, Rui; Richards, Stephen; Muzny, Donna M.; Gillis, Andrew; Peshkin, Leonid; Wu, Michael; Humphreys, Tom; Su, Yi-Hsien; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Schmutz, Jeremy; Fujiyama, Asao; Yu, Jr-Kai; Tagawa, Kunifumi; Worley, Kim C.; Gibbs, Richard A.; Kirschner, Marc W.; Lowe, Christopher J.; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Gerhart, John (November 2015). "Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins". Nature. 527 (7579): 459–465. doi:10.1038/nature16150. PMC 4729200  . PMID 26580012.
^ Smith, KL; Holland, ND; Ruhl, HA (July 2005). "Enteropneust production of spiral fecal trails on the deep-sea floor observed with time-lapse photography". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 52 (7): 1228–1240. Bibcode:2005DSRII..52.1228S. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.02.004.
^ Holland, ND; Clague, DA; Gordon, DP; Gebruk, A; Pawson, DL; Vecchione, M (2005). "'Lophenteropneust' hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates". Nature. 434 (7031): 374–376. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..374H. doi:10.1038/nature03382. PMID 15772659.
^ Holland ND, Jones WJ, Elena J, Ruhl HA, Smith KL (2009) A new deep-sea species of epibenthic acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta). Zoosystema 31: 333—346.
^ Osborn KL, Kuhnz LA, Priede IG, Urata M, Gebruk AV, and Holland ND (2012) Diversication of acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) revealed in the deep sea. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 279: 1646—1654.
^ Priede IG, Osborn KJ, Gebruk AV, Jones D, Shale D, Rogacheva A, Holland ND (2012) Observations on torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) from the North Atlantic with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Invert. Biol. 131: 244-257.
^ The secret to an Oesia life: Prehistoric worm built tube-like 'houses' on sea floor
^ Encyclopedia of Paleontology
^ Worsaae, Katrine; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Kaul-Strehlow, Sabrina; Hay-Schmidt, Anders; Giribet, Gonzalo (7 November 2012). "An Anatomical Description of a Miniaturized Acorn Worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) with Asexual Reproduction by Paratomy". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48529. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048529  . PMC 3492459  . PMID 23144898.
^ Florkin, Marcel (2014). Deuterostomians, Cyclostomes, and Fishes. Elsevier. hlm. 83. ISBN 9780323163347.

[1] Konikoff, C (2011). "Enteropneusta". World Register of Marine Species.

[2] Cameron, CB; Garey, JR; Swalla, BJ (2000). "Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4469–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4469C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4469  . PMC 18258  . PMID 10781046.

[3] Biogeography and adaptations of torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta) including two new species from the Canadian Arctic - Research Proposal - Papyrus - Université de Montréal

[4] Simakov, Oleg; Kawashima, Takeshi; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Jenkins, Jerry; Koyanagi, Ryo; Mitros, Therese; Hisata, Kanako; Bredeson, Jessen; Shoguchi, Eiichi; Gyoja, Fuki; Yue, Jia-Xing; Chen, Yi-Chih; Freeman, Robert M.; Sasaki, Akane; Hikosaka-Katayama, Tomoe; Sato, Atsuko; Fujie, Manabu; Baughman, Kenneth W.; Levine, Judith; Gonzalez, Paul; Cameron, Christopher; Fritzenwanker, Jens H.; Pani, Ariel M.; Goto, Hiroki; Kanda, Miyuki; Arakaki, Nana; Yamasaki, Shinichi; Qu, Jiaxin; Cree, Andrew; Ding, Yan; Dinh, Huyen H.; Dugan, Shannon; Holder, Michael; Jhangiani, Shalini N.; Kovar, Christie L.; Lee, Sandra L.; Lewis, Lora R.; Morton, Donna; Nazareth, Lynne V.; Okwuonu, Geoffrey; Santibanez, Jireh; Chen, Rui; Richards, Stephen; Muzny, Donna M.; Gillis, Andrew; Peshkin, Leonid; Wu, Michael; Humphreys, Tom; Su, Yi-Hsien; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Schmutz, Jeremy; Fujiyama, Asao; Yu, Jr-Kai; Tagawa, Kunifumi; Worley, Kim C.; Gibbs, Richard A.; Kirschner, Marc W.; Lowe, Christopher J.; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Gerhart, John (November 2015). "Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins". Nature. 527 (7579): 459–465. doi:10.1038/nature16150. PMC 4729200  . PMID 26580012.

[5] Smith, KL; Holland, ND; Ruhl, HA (July 2005). "Enteropneust production of spiral fecal trails on the deep-sea floor observed with time-lapse photography". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 52 (7): 1228–1240. Bibcode:2005DSRII..52.1228S. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.02.004.

[6] Holland, ND; Clague, DA; Gordon, DP; Gebruk, A; Pawson, DL; Vecchione, M (2005). "'Lophenteropneust' hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates". Nature. 434 (7031): 374–376. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..374H. doi:10.1038/nature03382. PMID 15772659.

[7] Holland ND, Jones WJ, Elena J, Ruhl HA, Smith KL (2009) A new deep-sea species of epibenthic acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta). Zoosystema 31: 333—346.

[8] Osborn KL, Kuhnz LA, Priede IG, Urata M, Gebruk AV, and Holland ND (2012) Diversication of acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) revealed in the deep sea. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 279: 1646—1654.

[9] Priede IG, Osborn KJ, Gebruk AV, Jones D, Shale D, Rogacheva A, Holland ND (2012) Observations on torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) from the North Atlantic with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Invert. Biol. 131: 244-257.

[10] The secret to an Oesia life: Prehistoric worm built tube-like 'houses' on sea floor

[11] Encyclopedia of Paleontology

[12] Worsaae, Katrine; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Kaul-Strehlow, Sabrina; Hay-Schmidt, Anders; Giribet, Gonzalo (7 November 2012). "An Anatomical Description of a Miniaturized Acorn Worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) with Asexual Reproduction by Paratomy". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48529. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048529  . PMC 3492459  . PMID 23144898.

[13] Florkin, Marcel (2014). Deuterostomians, Cyclostomes, and Fishes. Elsevier. hlm. 83. ISBN 9780323163347.

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