Memancing dengan peledak
Memancing dengan peledak, pengeboman ikan, penangkapan ikan dengan dinamit, atau memancing dengan granat, adalah praktik penangkapan ikan yang merusak menggunakan bahan peledak untuk membuat pingsan atau membunuh gerombolan ikan agar mudah dikumpulkan. Praktik ilegal ini sangat merusak ekosistem di sekitarnya, karena ledakan sering kali menghancurkan habitat di bawahnya (seperti terumbu karang) yang menyokong ikan.[1] Penggunaan bahan peledak yang sering dilakukan secara improvisasi, dan bahan peledak yang tidak diledakkan, juga menimbulkan bahaya bagi nelayan dan penyelam, yang dapat mengakibatkan kecelakaan dan cedera.
Penggunaan
Indonesia
Penangkapan ikan dengan bahan peledak di Indonesia telah terjadi selama lebih dari lima puluh tahun dan terus merusak terumbu karangnya, karena para nelayan terus menggunakan bahan peledak atau sianida untuk membunuh atau menyetrum mangsanya. Operator penyelaman dan pelindung konservasi mengatakan Indonesia tidak berbuat cukup untuk melindungi perairan di Pulau Komodo. Mereka mengatakan penegakan hukum menurun setelah keluarnya kelompok konservasi berbasis di AS yang membantu memerangi praktik penangkapan ikan yang merusak. Coral Gardens yang merupakan salah satu lokasi penyelaman paling spektakuler di Asia, menjadi korban ledakan bom terbaru meskipun terletak di dalam Taman Nasional Komodo, cagar alam seluas 500.000 hektar dan Situs Warisan Dunia PBB.[2] Penggunaan bom yang terbuat dari minyak tanah dan pupuk sangat populer di wilayah tersebut. Meskipun sebelumnya Komodo relatif dilindungi oleh kerjasama dengan TNC (The Nature Conservancy) sejak pemerintah Indonesia mengambil alih tanggung jawab untuk perlindungan taman nasional, telah terjadi peningkatan pengeboman. Selama kunjungan baru-baru ini ke Crystal Bommie, ditemukan 60% hancur, dengan tabel karang yang baru saja terbalik membuktikan adanya pemboman baru-baru ini.[3] In the market in the city of Makassar, an estimated 10 to 40 percent of the fish are caught in this manner. The local fishermen find the technique to be easier and more productive than traditional methods. The goal for the country has been to implement stricter policies and fisheries management programs to limit the killing of the fish as well as the destruction of the marine ecosystem. Forty years ago, blast fishing was practiced with dynamite which was in plentiful supply after World War II. Today, fishermen mostly use homemade bombs that are made from bottles filled with an explosive mixture; weights are also added to make the bottle sink faster underwater. After the bomb explodes, the fish killed or stunned by the shock wave from the explosion are collected.[4]
Lebanon
Blast fishing or dynamite fishing is growing more common in Lebanon, where fishers make their own homemade dynamite. According to the Safadi Foundation, a structure that develops sustainable projects in Lebanon, 5% of fishermen use dynamite fishing. “In Tripoli, this technique was in decline for several years before increasing again in 2019, points out Samer Fatfat, consultant at the Safadi foundation. On the beaches of Akkar, it has remained constant.”
Philippines
A 1987 study concluded that blast fishing was then very widespread in the Philippines, estimating that 25% of all municipal fish landings (equivalent to 250,000 metric tons per year) were from blast fishing.[5] Most of the blast fishing is however done in the south, near Palawan and the South China Sea.[6] A study conducted in 2002 reported that destructive fishing methods had caused the degradation of about 70% of Philippine coral reefs and reduced annual fisheries production by about 177,500 metric tons in the 1990s.[7]
In 2010, mayor Nino Rey Boniel of Bien Unido town in the province of Bohol, Philippines, built an underwater grotto along the Danajon reef which deteriorated due to excessive dynamite and cyanide use. Through the help of Sea Knights and Boholano divers, two 14-kaki (4,3 m) statues of Mother Mary and Santo Nino (Spanish for Holy Child) were placed on 8 September and 18 October 2010 respectively, 60 kaki (18 m) below sea level in order to discourage fishermen from using illegal and destructive methods in fishing and hopefully remind everyone that the sea and its inhabitants are gifts from God that deserves to be treasured and taken care of.[8][9]
In 2012, the director of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources declared an “all-out war” against dynamite fishing and other illegal fishing practices.[10]
Tanzania
In northern Tanzania, blast fishing, which is illegal, has resurfaced in recent years as a key danger to its coral reefs. This has occurred even though major institutions like local communities and the district government have been put in place for enhanced fisheries management. The damage of blast fishing in the area has contributed to unstable coral reefs, discouragement of tourism investors, and a threat to the habitat of coelacanths in the region. Other impacts of blast fishing in the area include reports that citizens have died or lost limbs due to the blasting. The northern part of the country has many beautiful beaches and uninhabited islands. However, many investors feel that tourists are discouraged due to the fish blasting.[11]
In Tanzania, coral reefs are essential for both ecological and socio-economic reasons. They are full of fish, lobsters, prawns, crabs, octopuses, mollusks, and sea cucumbers. In addition, coral reefs are one of the major tourist attractions in Tanzania. The coastal tourism provides a living for the people as well as foreign currency for the country. However, there has been an increase in the people living along the coast which has led to a large demand for fisheries. It has led to overexploitation and destructive fishing practices. Blast fishing has been practiced in Tanzania since the 1960s. It was during the 1980s and 1990s that blast fishing was at its peak in Tanzania. For example, in Mnazi bay, Mtwara, 441 blasts were recorded in two months in 1996, and 100 blasts were witnessed through one six-hour period in Mpovi reef.[12]
United States
A 1903 short story by Frank Norris titled The Passing of Cock-Eye Blacklock describes efforts to end blast fishing on California's American River.[13]
- ^ "McClellan, K., & Bruno, J. (2008). Coral degradation through destructive fishing practices. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland Washington, DC: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22-12-2019. Diakses tanggal 04-12-2017.
- ^ Jacob Herin (20 April 2012). "Fishermen blast premier dive sites off Indonesia". The Jakarta Post (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2012.
- ^ Fishermen blast premier dive sites off Indonesia Diarsipkan 21 April 2012 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ Pet-Soede, L., & Erdmann, M. V. (1998). Blast Fishing in Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly, 1-6. Retrieved October 25, 2009
- ^ James B. Marsh (1992). Resources & Environment in Asia's Marine Sector. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 153. ISBN 978-0-8448-1708-8.
- ^ Dynamite fishing mostly concentrated in the south
- ^ Mary Ann Palma; Martin Tsamenyi; William R. Edeson (2010). Promoting Sustainable Fisheries: The International Legal and Policy Framework to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. BRILL. hlm. 10. ISBN 978-90-04-17575-4.
- ^ "Underwater Grotto - Knight - Stewards of the Sea". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-04-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
- ^ "Praying underwater in Bohol".
- ^ "BFAR declares war vs dynamite fishing". Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 27, 2012.
- ^ Wells, S. (2009). "Dynamite fishing in northern Tanzania – pervasive, problematic and yet preventable". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58 (1): 20–23. Bibcode:2009MarPB..58...20W. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.019. PMID 19056095.
- ^ Wagner, G. M. (2004). "Coral Reefs and Their Management in Tanzania". Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science. 3 (2): 227–243. doi:10.4314/wiojms.v3i2.28464
. hdl:1834/1151 .
- ^ Norris, Frank (1903). "A deal in wheat : and other stories of the new and old West". New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. hlm. 89–97. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-03.
