Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Pe̍h-oē-jī, disingkat POJ, arti harafiah tulisan bahasa sehari-hari, juga dikenal sebagai Church Romanization) adalah suatu cara menulis (ortografi) varian-varian dari dialek bahasa Hokkien, khususnya Bahasa Hokkien Taiwan dan Bahasa Hokkien Amoy.[1] Dikembangkan oleh misionaris Presbiterian yang bekerja di antara pendatang Tionghoa di Asia Tenggara pada abad ke-19[2] dan disempurnakan oleh para misionaris yang bekerja di Xiamen dan Tainan. Sistem ini menggunakan modifikasi alfabet Latin dan beberapa diakritik untuk mewakili bahasa ucapan. Setelah awalnya sukses dipakai di Fujian, POJ menjadi berkembang di Taiwan, dan pada pertengahan abad ke-20 lebih dari 100.000 orang fasih dalam POJ. Cetakan dalam jumlah besar, baik keagamaan maupun sekuler, diproduksi dalam tulisan ini, termasuk surat kabar pertama di Taiwan, Taiwan Church News. Nama yang dipakai oleh para misionaris pembuatnya adalah "Romanised Amoy Vernacular" and "Romanised Amoy Colloquial".[1] Asal usul sistem dan pemakaiannya yang luas dalam masyarakat Kristen dikenal penulis modern sebagai "Church Romanization" (Hanzi sederhana: 教会罗马字; Hanzi tradisional: 教會羅馬字; Pinyin: Jiàohuì Luōmǎzì; Pe̍h-oē-jī: Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī); sering disingkat dalam sistem POJ sendiri sebagai "Kàu-lô" (Hanzi sederhana: 教罗; Hanzi tradisional: 教羅; Pinyin: Jiàoluō).[3]
Pe̍h-ōe-jī | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Hanzi tradisional: | 白話字 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hanzi sederhana: | 白话字 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hokkien POJ: | Pe̍h-oē-jī | ||||||||||||||||||||
Makna harfiah: | tulisan bahasa sehari-hari | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Ortografi ini ditekan pemakaiannya selama penjajahan Jepang di Taiwan (1895–1945), dan sempat menghadapi larangan selama periode Kuomintang dari 1947–1987. Di Fujian, penggunaannya berkurang dengan berdirinya Republik Rakyat Cina (1949) dan pada awal abad ke-21 sudah tidak banyak digunakan di sana. Penggunaan Pe̍h-oē-jī saat ini terbatas pada sejumlah orang Kristen di Taiwan, pelajar bahasa yang bukan pemakai asli, dan pemakai bahasa yang senang memakainya di Taiwan. Bantuan komputer penuh dikembangkan pada tahun 2004. Pemakai dapat menggunakan bentuk huruf (font), metode ketik (input method) dan kamus online yang ekstensif. Sistem penulisan lain juga dikembangkan dalam periode ini, sehingga muncul debat di dalam pengguna bahasa ibu di Taiwan, sistem mana yang harus dipakai. Versi lain pe̍h-ōe-jī dikembangkan juga untuk dialek lain, termasuk Bahasa Hakka dan Bahasa Teochew.
Referensi
Daftar Pustaka
- Ang Ui-jin (1992). Taiwan Fangyan zhi Lü (A Journey Through Taiwanese Regional Speech) (dalam bahasa Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. ISBN 957-9512-31-0.
- Band, Edward (1936). Barclay of Formosa. Ginza, Tokyo: Christian Literature Society. OCLC 4386066.
- Baran, Dominika (2004). ""Taiwanese don't have written words": Language ideologies and language practice in a Taipei County high school". Conference Proceedings – 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization. 2. OCLC 77082548.
- Campbell, William (2006) [1913]. A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular. Tainan: PCT Press. ISBN 957-8959-92-3.
- Chang Yu-hong (2001). Principles of POJ or the Taiwanese Orthography: An Introduction to Its Sound-Symbol Correspondences and Related Issues. Taipei: Crane. ISBN 978-957-2053-07-1 Periksa nilai: checksum
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(bantuan). - Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2005). Language, Identity and Decolonization. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. ISBN 957-8845-85-5.
- Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2007). Language, Literature and Reimagined Taiwanese Nation. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. ISBN 978-986-00-9746-7.
- Chung Raung-fu (1996). The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Spoken Language Services. ISBN 957-9463-46-8.
- Copper, John F. (2007). A Historical Dictionary of Taiwan (Republic of China) (edisi ke-2nd). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5600-4.
- Doty, Elihu (1853). Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect. Guangzhou: Samuel Wells Williams. OCLC 20605114.
- Douglas, Carstairs; Barclay, Thomas (1990) [1923]. Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy. Taipei: Southern Materials Center. ISBN 957-9482-32-2.
- Embree, Bernard L.M. (1973). A Dictionary of Southern Min. OCLC 2491446.
- Heylen, Ann (2001). "Romanizing Taiwanese: Codification and Standardization of Dictionaries in Southern Min (1837–1923)". Dalam Ku Weit Ying; De Ridder, Koen. Authentic Chinese Christianity, Preludes to Its Development: Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries. Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9058671028.
- Iûⁿ Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (1999). "台灣福佬話非漢字拼音符號的回顧與分析 (Comparison and Analysis of non-Character Transcription Systems for Taiwanese Holo)" (dalam bahasa Chinese). Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-17. [pranala nonaktif]
- Iûⁿ Ún-giân (2009). Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging (Doctoral dissertation). National Taiwan University. OCLC 367595113.
- Kì Bō͘-hô (2008). 台語教會羅馬字講義 (Notes on Taiwanese Church Romanization). Tainan: PCT Press. ISBN 978-986-6947-34-6.
- Klöter, Henning (2002). "The History of Peh-oe-ji". 2002台灣羅馬字教學KAP研究國際學術研討會論文集 (Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization Research). Taipei: Taiwanese Romanization Association.
- Klöter, Henning (2005). Written Taiwanese. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05093-4.
- Lin, Alvin (1999). "Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (89). OCLC 41879041.
- Macgowan, John (1869). A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial. Hong Kong: de Souza & Co. OCLC 23927767.
- Maryknoll Fathers (1984). Taiwanese: Book 1. Taichung: Maryknoll. OCLC 44137703.
- Medhurst, Walter Henry (1832). Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms. Macau: East India Press. OCLC 5314739.
- Norman, Jerry (1998). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29653-6.
- Ong Iok-tek (2002). Taiwanyu Yanjiu Juan (dalam bahasa Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. ISBN 957-801-354-X.
- Ota, Katsuhiro J (2005). An investigation of written Taiwanese (Master's thesis) (PDF). University of Hawai'i at Manoa. OCLC 435500061.
- Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The Chinese Language. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5.
- Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Tai-gi speakers". Language in Society. Cambridge University Press. 32 (4). ISSN 0047-4045.
- Sidaia, Babuja A. (1998). A-Chhûn (dalam bahasa Hàn-lô Taiwanese). Taipei: Taili. ISBN 957-98861-6-4.
- Tipson, Ernest (1934). A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular: English-Chinese. Singapore: Lithographers. OCLC 504142973.
- Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (2004). "白話字kap台語文的現代化 (Peh-oe-ji and the Modernization of Written Taiwanese)". Conference Proceedings – 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization (dalam bahasa Han-lo Taiwanese). 1. OCLC 77082548.
- Tseng Rui-cheng (2009). Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce (Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System) (PDF) (dalam bahasa Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8.
- Van Nest Talmage, John (1894). New Dictionary in the Amoy Dialect. OCLC 41548900.
- Warnshuis, A. Livingston; de Pree, H.P. (1911). Lessons in the Amoy Vernacular. Xiamen: Chui-keng-tông Press. OCLC 29903392.
- Wu Chang-neng (2007). The Taigi Literature Debates and Related Developments (1987–1996) (Master's thesis). Taipei: National Chengchi University. OCLC 642745725.
- Wu Guo-sheng; Chen Yi-hsin (2004). "客家語羅馬字文獻的版本研究 (Books Written in Hakka Romanization)". Conference Proceedings – 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization (dalam bahasa Chinese). 2. OCLC 77082548.
Pranala luar
- General
- "Tai-gu Bang". – Google group for Taiwanese language enthusiasts – uses POJ and Chinese characters.
- "Pe̍h-ōe-jī Unicode Correspondence Table" (PDF). Tailingua. 2009. – information on Unicode encodings for POJ text
- "Taiwanese Romanization Association". – group dedicated to the promotion of Taiwanese and Hakka romanization
- Input methods
- "Open Vanilla". – open source input method for both Windows and Mac OS X.
- "Taigi-Hakka IME". – Windows-based input method for both Hokkien and Hakka variants.
- "Tai-lo Input Method" (dalam bahasa Chinese). – cross-platform input method released by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.
- "Transliterator". – extension for the Firefox browser which allows POJ input in-browser.
- POJ-compliant fonts
- "Charis SIL". SIL International. – serif font in regular, bold, italic, and bold italic.
- "DejaVu". – available in serif, sans-serif, and monospace.
- "Doulos SIL". SIL International. – Times New Roman-style serif.
- "Gentium". SIL International. – open source serif.
- "Linux Libertine". – GPL and OPL-licensed serif.
- "Taigi Unicode". – serif font specifically designed for POJ.
- Texts and dictionaries
- "Taiwanese bibliography". – list of books in Taiwanese, including those written in POJ.
- "Memory of Written Taiwanese". – collection of Taiwanese texts in various orthographies, including many in POJ.
- "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". – dictionary which includes POJ, Taiwanese in Chinese characters, and Mandarin characters. Some English definitions also available.
- Exhibits: Taiwanese Romanization Peh-oe-ji – sample images of various older POJ texts.