Kontroversi Penobatan
Kontroversi Investiture atau Kontes Investiture[1] adalah konflik paling signifikan antara gereja dan negara pada Abad Pertengahan di Eropa. Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, terjadi serangkaian perebutan otoritas Paus antara para penguasa Eropa terhadap kontrol kepentingan, atau investiture, dengan pimpinan gereja seperti uskup dan biarawan.
Kontroversi investiture dimulai saat perebutan kekuasaan terjadi antara Paus Gregorius VII (1072-1085) dan Henry IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci (1056–1106).[2]
Catatan
- ^ Hughes, Michael (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806, MacMillan Press and University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p.5. ISBN 0-8122-1427-7.
- ^ Rubenstein, Jay. (2011). Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse. Basic Books. 2011. Page 18. ISBN 0-465-01929-3.
Daftar pustaka
- Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988). The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. HarperCollins
- Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford University Press.
- Jolly, Karen Louise. (1997). Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500. ME Sharpe.
- McCarthy, T. J. H. (2014). Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators. Manchester: Manchester Medieval Sources. ISBN 9780719084706.
- Metz, René. (1960). What Is Canon Law? Hawthorn Books. New York.
- Tellenbach, Gerd (1993). The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Cambridge University Press.
Pranala luar
- "Investiture Controversy", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- "Conflict of Investitures", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
- "Canonical Investiture", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
- "Investiture", from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
- "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy", from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB).
- "Empire and Papacy", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Sumber
- Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, Jan 24 1076.
- Gregory VII: First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV (Feb 22, 1076)
- Gregory VII: Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV (March 7, 1080)
- Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1090
- Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078
- The Concordat of Worms 1122
- The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123
- Avalon Project, Yale University: Documents relating to the War of the Investitures