Tahun pemerintahan raja-raja Inggris
Tahun pemerintahan raja-raja Inggris ditunjukkan dalam daftar berikut yang merupakan tahun pemerintahan resmi para raja dari Kerajaan Inggris (kemudian menjadi Britania Raya (Great Britain) dan Kerajaan Bersatu (United Kingdom)), dari tahun 1066 sampai sekarang. Kalender pemerintahan ("tahun ke-n pemerintahan Raja X", dst.) digunakan pada banyak dokumen resmi pemerintah Britania yang bersejarah, terutama undang-undang parlementer.
Tabel kalender pemerintahan
Untuk menghitung tahun pemerintahan dari suatu tanggal tertentu, kurangilah tahun kalender dari tahun pertama pemerintahan pertama. Jika bulan dan tanggal jatuh sebelum tanggal pemerintahan, tidak ada perubahan; jika jatuh pada atau setelah tanggal pemerintahan, tambahkan satu.
- Contoh: 4 Juli 1776. Ini jatuh pada masa pemerintahan George III, di mana tahun pemerintahan pertama adalah 1760; sehingga 1776 - 1760 = tahun ke-16 pemerintahannya (4 Juli jatuh sebelum 25 Oktober).
- Contoh lain: 2 Mei 1662. Ini jatuh pada masa pemerintahan Charles II, di mana tahun pemerintahan pertama adalah 1649. Jadi 1662-1649 = 13, tambah 1 karena 2 Mei jatuh setelah tanggal 30 Januari, sehingga tanggal itu jatuh pada tahun ke-14 pemerintahan Charles II.
Raja | Jumlah tahun | Tahun pemerintahan pertama | Tanggal permulaan tahun pemerintahan | Tanggal akhir tahun pemerintahan | Akhir tahun terakhir |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
William I | 21 | 1066 | 14 Oktober | 13 Oktober | 9 Sep 1087 |
William II | 13 | 1087 | 26 September | 25 September | 2 Agt 1100 |
Henry I | 36 | 1100 | 5 Agustus | 4 Agustus | 1 Des 1135 |
Stephen | 19 | 1135 | 26 Desember | 25 Desember | 25 Okt 1154 |
Henry II | 35 | 1154 | 19 Desember | 18 Desember | 6 Jul 1189 |
Richard I | 10 | 1189 | 3 September | 2 September | 6 Apr 1199 |
John | 18 | 1199 | Mei (Hari Kenaikan)A | Mei (varied) | 19 Okt 1216 |
Henry III | 57 | 1216 | 28 Oktober | 27 Oktober | 16 Nov 1272 |
Edward I | 35 | 1272 | 20 November | 20 November B | 7 Jul 1307 |
Edward II | 20 | 1307 | 8 Juli | 7 Juli | 20 Jan 1327 |
Edward III | 51 (Inggris), 38 (Perancis) C |
1327 | 25 Januari | 24 Januari | 21 Jun 1377 |
Richard II | 23 | 1377 | 22 Juni D | 21 June | 29 Sep 1399 |
Henry IV | 14 | 1399 | 30 September | 29 September | 20 Mar 1413 |
Henry V | 10 | 1413 | 21 Maret | 20 Maret | 31 Aug 1422 |
Henry VI | 39 + 1 E | 1422 | 1 September | 31 Agustus | 4 Mar 1461 |
Edward IV | 23 | 1461 | 4 Maret | 3 Maret | 9 Apr 1483 |
Edward V | 1 | 1483 | 9 April | 25 Juni | 25 Jun 1483 |
Richard III | 3 | 1483 | 26 Juni | 25 Juni | 22 Agt 1485 |
Henry VII | 24 | 1485 | 22 Agustus | 21 Agustus | 21 Apr 1509 |
Henry VIII | 38 | 1509 | 22 April | 21 April | 28 Jan 1547 |
Edward VI | 7 | 1547 | 28 Januari | 27 Januari | 6 Jul 1553 |
Mary I | 2 | 1553 | 6 Juli F | 5 Juli | 24 Jul 1554 G |
"Philip dan Mary" | 5 & 6 G | 1554 | 25 Juli | 24 Juli | 17 Nov 1558 |
Elizabeth I | 45 | 1558 | 17 November | 16 November | 24 Mar 1603 |
James I | 23 | 1603 | 25 Maret H | 24 Maret | 27 Mar 1625 |
Charles I | 24 | 1625 | 27 Maret | 26 Maret | 30 Jan 1649 |
Charles II | 37 I | 1649 | 30 Januari | 29 Januari | 6 Feb 1685 |
James II | 4 | 1685 | 6 Februari | 5 Februari | 11 Des 1688 J |
"William and Mary" | 6 | 1689 | 13 FebruariK | 12 Februari | 27 Dec 1694 |
William III | 8 (7 sampai 14) L |
1694 | 28 Desember L | 27 Desember | 8 Mar 1702 |
Anne | 13 | 1702 | 8 Maret | 7 Maret | 1 Aug 1714 |
George I | 13 | 1714 | 1 Agustus | 31 Juli | 11 Jun 1727 |
George II | 34 | 1727 | 11 Juni | 10 Juni | 25 Okt 1760 |
George III | 60 M | 1760 | 25 Oktober | 24 Oktober | 29 Jan 1820 |
George IV | 11 N | 1820 | 29 Januari | 28 Januari | 26 Jun 1830 |
William IV | 7 | 1830 | 26 Juni | 25 Juni | 20 Jun 1837 |
Victoria | 64 | 1837 | 20 Juni | 19 Juni | 22 Jan 1901 |
Edward VII | 10 | 1901 | 22 Januari | 21 Januari | 6 Mei 1910 |
George V | 26 | 1910 | 6 Mei | 5 Mei | 20 Jan 1936 |
Edward VIII | 1 | 1936 | 20 Januari | 11 Desember | 11 Des 1936 |
George VI | 16 | 1936 | 11 Desember | 10 Desember | 5 Feb 1952 |
Elizabeth II | (berlangsung) (2014 = ke-63) |
1952 | 6 Februari | 5 Februari | ... |
Catatan kaki
- A. ^ (a) - John dari Inggris's regnal years are unusual for not starting on the same date every year, but rather on Hari Kenaikan, a movable feast of the liturgical calendar. Start dates for John's regnal years are:[1]
- Tahun 1 – 27 Mei 1199
- Tahun 2 – 18 Mei 1200
- Tahun 3 – 3 Mei 1201
- Tahun 4 – 23 Mei 1202
- Tahun 5 – 15 Mei 1203
- Tahun 6 – 3 Jun 1204
- Tahun 7 – 19 Mei 1205
- Tahun 8 – 11 Mei 1206
- Tahun 9 – 31 Mei 1207
- Tahun 10 – 15 Mei 1208
- Tahun 11 – 7 Mei 1209
- Tahun 12 – 27 Mei 1210
- Tahun 13 – 12 Mei 1211
- Tahun 14 – 3 Mei 1212
- Tahun 15 – 23 Mei 1213
- Tahun 16 – 8 Mei 1214
- Tahun 17 – 28 Mei 1215
- Tahun 18 – 19 Mei 1216
- B. ^ Tahun pemerintahan Edward I tidak lazim karena dimulai dan diakhiri pada tanggal yang sama (20 November), bukannya berakhir pada satu hari tertentu dan dimulai pada hari berikutnya.
- C. ^ Edward III diberi dua tahun pemerintahan berbeda, satu untuk England, dan yang lain untuk France (the only claimant for whom this is done). English years are unbroken between 1327 and 1377. French years are counted from the start date of 25 Januari 1340 (beginning of Year 1 France and Year 14 England), and interrupted on 8 Mei 1360 (end of Year 21 France); the French numbering resumes on 11 June 1369 as beginning of French Year 30, and follows the English start/end dates (25/24 Januari) thereafter until 21 June 1377, the end of English year 51 and French year 38.
- D. ^ From Richard II onwards, every new king's regnal year begins exactly on the day on or after the end of the previous king's reign (previous transitions often had a gap of several days, sometimes weeks). Henceforth, in official terms, "England always has a king", i.e. there will not be a day in subsequent English history without a reigning king (with the exception of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89; see below).
- E. ^ Henry VI was deposed by Edward IV on 4 Maret 1461, officially bringing his reign and last regnal year to a close. However, Henry VI briefly recovered the throne in 1470-71, so he has an extra regnal year, dated from 9 Oktober 1470 sampai c. April 1471, and referred to as the 49th year ("Anno ab inchoatione regni nostri") or 1st year of restoration ("Readeptionis nostrae regiae potestatis"). Henry VI's "restoration" year does not mar the continuity of Edward IV's regnal years - Edward IV's 10th Year is counted unbroken as beginning from 4 Maret 1470 and ending 3 Maret 1471, his 11th year beginning 4 Maret 1471, etc.
- F. ^ Lady Jane Grey, the "Nine Days Queen", who was Queen Jane from 6 Juli 1553 sampai 17 Juli 1553, is not present in the official record. Mary I's reign officially begins on 6 Juli 1553.
- G. ^ Mary I menikah dengan pangeran Habsburg, Philip (kelak Philip II dari Spanyol) pada tanggal 25 Juli 1554, yang langsung dijadikan raja bersama di Inggris. Their joint reign is officially referred to as "Philip and Mary", but the numbering of their regnal years is not reset to 1 for both, but rather retained separately for each. So the first year of "Philip and Mary", which begins on 25 Juli 1554, is officially referred to as "1 & 2" (1st year of Philip, 2nd year of Mary). There is the complication, of course, that Mary's previous regnal year began on 6 Juli, a few weeks before Philip's start date of 25 Juli. So the numbers between those two days are adjusted. Taken continuously, the regnal year numbers are:
- 1 Mary : 6 Jul 1553 sampai 5 Jul 1554
- 2 Mary : 6 Jul 1554 sampai 24 Jul 1554
- 1 & 2 Philip dan Mary : 25 Jul 1554 sampai 5 Jul 1555
- 1 & 3 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1555 sampai 24 Jul 1555
- 2 & 3 Philip dan Mary; 25 Jul 1555 sampai 5 Jul 1556
- 2 & 4 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1556 sampai 24 Jul 1556
- 3 & 4 Philip dan Mary; 25 Jul 1556 sampai 5 Jul 1557
- 3 & 5 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1557 sampai 24 Jul 1557
- 4 & 5 Philip dan Mary; 25 Jul 1557 sampai 5 Jul 1558
- 4 & 6 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1558 sampai 24 Jul 1558
- 5 & 6 Philip dan Mary: 25 Jul 1558 sampai 17 Nov 1558
- H. ^ By coincidence, James I's regnal years begin on the same date (25 Maret) as the English civil and legal year.
- I. ^ The Commonwealth era (1649–1660) is obliterated from the official record. The beginning regnal date of Charles II is 30 Januari 1649, the day his father was executed. However, Charles II would only become de facto king on 29 Mei 1660, officially regarded as the 12th year of his reign. During the Commonwealth era, public documents did not have any regnal or republican calendar, just the conventional calendar date, the "The Year of Our Lord", with normal month and day.
- J. ^ The English official record regards James II as having abdicated on 11 Desember 1688, the day he slipped out of London (he was captured the next day in Rochester). His formal deposition did not take instrument until 12 February 1689, by a declaration of the convention of old parliamentarians at Westminster (see "Glorious Revolution"), which backdated the "abdication" to 11 Desember. That declaration was entered into statute law later that year, in Desember 1689 (1 Will & Mar., 2nd Sess., c.2).
- K. ^ This is the exception to "England always has a King" rule, prevailing since the reign of Richard II. With James II officially deposed on 11 Desember 1688, and William & Mary officially beginning 13 February 1689, there is a space of nearly two months in which England, officially speaking, is without a king.
- L. ^ In regnal numbering, the relationship between "William and Mary" and "William III" is a little tricky. In the Philip and Mary I case, back in the 1550s, each monarch was given their own regnal date and stuck with it. William III and Mary II ascended as monarchs on the same date (13 February 1689), and so it was unnecessary to state it as "1 & 1 William and Mary", but simply "1 William and Mary". But Mary's death (on 27 Desember 1694, in the 6th Tahun of W & M) complicated numbering. If the 1550s model had been used, then William III should have continued on his 6th Tahun until 13 February 1695, when the new regnal year, the 7th year of William III, should have begun. However, in this instance, the regnal start day (but not the year) was reset after Mary's death, so William III's 7th year began prematurely on 28 Desember 1694.
- M. ^ George III was declared incapacitated on 5 February 1811, in the course of his 51st regnal year. However, the regnal dating was unaffected by the Regency, so regnal years were still measured by George III's regnal date of 25 Oktober, until his death in 1820.
- N. ^George IV's period as prince regent (1811–1820) for his ailing father, George III, is not counted in his regnal numbering.
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ Sweet & Maxwell's Guide 1962, hlm. 23.
Pustaka
- House of Commons (1802) [9 June 1660]. Journal of the House of Commons: volume 8: 1660-1667. hlm. 59–61.
- "Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns". Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes (PDF) (edisi ke-Fourth). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. hlm. 20–33.
Pustaka tambahan
- Cheney, C.R.; Jones, Michael, ed. (2000). A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 21–47. ISBN 0521770955.