Tahun pemerintahan raja-raja Inggris

Tahun pemerintahan raja-raja Inggris ditunjukkan dalam daftar berikut yang merupakan tahun pemerintahan resmi para raja dari Kerajaan Inggris (kemudian menjadi Britania Raya (Great Britain) dan Kerajaan Bersatu (United Kingdom)), dari tahun 1066 sampai sekarang. Kalender pemerintahan ("tahun ke-n pemerintahan Raja X", dst.) digunakan pada banyak dokumen resmi pemerintah Britania yang bersejarah, terutama undang-undang parlementer.

Tabel kalender pemerintahan

Untuk menghitung tahun pemerintahan dari suatu tanggal tertentu, kurangilah tahun kalender dari tahun pertama pemerintahan pertama. Jika bulan dan tanggal jatuh sebelum tanggal pemerintahan, tidak ada perubahan; jika jatuh pada atau setelah tanggal pemerintahan, tambahkan satu.

  • Contoh: 4 Juli 1776. Ini jatuh pada masa pemerintahan George III, di mana tahun pemerintahan pertama adalah 1760; sehingga 1776 - 1760 = tahun ke-16 pemerintahannya (4 Juli jatuh sebelum 25 Oktober).
  • Contoh lain: 2 Mei 1662. Ini jatuh pada masa pemerintahan Charles II, di mana tahun pemerintahan pertama adalah 1649. Jadi 1662-1649 = 13, tambah 1 karena 2 Mei jatuh setelah tanggal 30 Januari, sehingga tanggal itu jatuh pada tahun ke-14 pemerintahan Charles II.
Raja Jumlah tahun Tahun pemerintahan pertama Tanggal permulaan tahun pemerintahan Tanggal akhir tahun pemerintahan Akhir tahun terakhir
William I 21 1066 14 Oktober 13 Oktober 9 Sep 1087
William II 13 1087 26 September 25 September 2 Agt 1100
Henry I 36 1100 5 Agustus 4 Agustus 1 Des 1135
Stephen 19 1135 26 Desember 25 Desember 25 Okt 1154
Henry II 35 1154 19 Desember 18 Desember 6 Jul 1189
Richard I 10 1189 3 September 2 September 6 Apr 1199
John 18 1199 Mei (Hari Kenaikan)A Mei (varied) 19 Okt 1216
Henry III 57 1216 28 Oktober 27 Oktober 16 Nov 1272
Edward I 35 1272 20 November 20 November B 7 Jul 1307
Edward II 20 1307 8 Juli 7 Juli 20 Jan 1327
Edward III 51 (Inggris),
38 (Perancis) C
1327 25 Januari 24 Januari 21 Jun 1377
Richard II 23 1377 22 Juni D 21 June 29 Sep 1399
Henry IV 14 1399 30 September 29 September 20 Mar 1413
Henry V 10 1413 21 Maret 20 Maret 31 Aug 1422
Henry VI 39 + 1 E 1422 1 September 31 Agustus 4 Mar 1461
Edward IV 23 1461 4 Maret 3 Maret 9 Apr 1483
Edward V 1 1483 9 April 25 Juni 25 Jun 1483
Richard III 3 1483 26 Juni 25 Juni 22 Agt 1485
Henry VII 24 1485 22 Agustus 21 Agustus 21 Apr 1509
Henry VIII 38 1509 22 April 21 April 28 Jan 1547
Edward VI 7 1547 28 Januari 27 Januari 6 Jul 1553
Mary I 2 1553 6 Juli F 5 Juli 24 Jul 1554 G
"Philip dan Mary" 5 & 6 G 1554 25 Juli 24 Juli 17 Nov 1558
Elizabeth I 45 1558 17 November 16 November 24 Mar 1603
James I 23 1603 25 Maret H 24 Maret 27 Mar 1625
Charles I 24 1625 27 Maret 26 Maret 30 Jan 1649
Charles II 37 I 1649 30 Januari 29 Januari 6 Feb 1685
James II 4 1685 6 Februari 5 Februari 11 Des 1688 J
"William and Mary" 6 1689 13 FebruariK 12 Februari 27 Dec 1694
William III 8
(7 sampai 14) L
1694 28 Desember L 27 Desember 8 Mar 1702
Anne 13 1702 8 Maret 7 Maret 1 Aug 1714
George I 13 1714 1 Agustus 31 Juli 11 Jun 1727
George II 34 1727 11 Juni 10 Juni 25 Okt 1760
George III 60 M 1760 25 Oktober 24 Oktober 29 Jan 1820
George IV 11 N 1820 29 Januari 28 Januari 26 Jun 1830
William IV 7 1830 26 Juni 25 Juni 20 Jun 1837
Victoria 64 1837 20 Juni 19 Juni 22 Jan 1901
Edward VII 10 1901 22 Januari 21 Januari 6 Mei 1910
George V 26 1910 6 Mei 5 Mei 20 Jan 1936
Edward VIII 1 1936 20 Januari 11 Desember 11 Des 1936
George VI 16 1936 11 Desember 10 Desember 5 Feb 1952
Elizabeth II (berlangsung)
(2014 = ke-63)
1952 6 Februari 5 Februari ...

Catatan kaki

  • A. ^ (a) - John dari Inggris's regnal years are unusual for not starting on the same date every year, but rather on Hari Kenaikan, a movable feast of the liturgical calendar. Start dates for John's regnal years are:[1]
    • Tahun 1 – 27 Mei 1199
    • Tahun 2 – 18 Mei 1200
    • Tahun 3 – 3 Mei 1201
    • Tahun 4 – 23 Mei 1202
    • Tahun 5 – 15 Mei 1203
    • Tahun 6 – 3 Jun 1204
    • Tahun 7 – 19 Mei 1205
    • Tahun 8 – 11 Mei 1206
    • Tahun 9 – 31 Mei 1207
    • Tahun 10 – 15 Mei 1208
    • Tahun 11 – 7 Mei 1209
    • Tahun 12 – 27 Mei 1210
    • Tahun 13 – 12 Mei 1211
    • Tahun 14 – 3 Mei 1212
    • Tahun 15 – 23 Mei 1213
    • Tahun 16 – 8 Mei 1214
    • Tahun 17 – 28 Mei 1215
    • Tahun 18 – 19 Mei 1216
  • B. ^ Tahun pemerintahan Edward I tidak lazim karena dimulai dan diakhiri pada tanggal yang sama (20 November), bukannya berakhir pada satu hari tertentu dan dimulai pada hari berikutnya.
  • C. ^ Edward III diberi dua tahun pemerintahan berbeda, satu untuk England, dan yang lain untuk France (the only claimant for whom this is done). English years are unbroken between 1327 and 1377. French years are counted from the start date of 25 Januari 1340 (beginning of Year 1 France and Year 14 England), and interrupted on 8 Mei 1360 (end of Year 21 France); the French numbering resumes on 11 June 1369 as beginning of French Year 30, and follows the English start/end dates (25/24 Januari) thereafter until 21 June 1377, the end of English year 51 and French year 38.
  • D. ^ From Richard II onwards, every new king's regnal year begins exactly on the day on or after the end of the previous king's reign (previous transitions often had a gap of several days, sometimes weeks). Henceforth, in official terms, "England always has a king", i.e. there will not be a day in subsequent English history without a reigning king (with the exception of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89; see below).
  • E. ^ Henry VI was deposed by Edward IV on 4 Maret 1461, officially bringing his reign and last regnal year to a close. However, Henry VI briefly recovered the throne in 1470-71, so he has an extra regnal year, dated from 9 Oktober 1470 sampai c. April 1471, and referred to as the 49th year ("Anno ab inchoatione regni nostri") or 1st year of restoration ("Readeptionis nostrae regiae potestatis"). Henry VI's "restoration" year does not mar the continuity of Edward IV's regnal years - Edward IV's 10th Year is counted unbroken as beginning from 4 Maret 1470 and ending 3 Maret 1471, his 11th year beginning 4 Maret 1471, etc.
  • F. ^ Lady Jane Grey, the "Nine Days Queen", who was Queen Jane from 6 Juli 1553 sampai 17 Juli 1553, is not present in the official record. Mary I's reign officially begins on 6 Juli 1553.
  • G. ^ Mary I menikah dengan pangeran Habsburg, Philip (kelak Philip II dari Spanyol) pada tanggal 25 Juli 1554, yang langsung dijadikan raja bersama di Inggris. Their joint reign is officially referred to as "Philip and Mary", but the numbering of their regnal years is not reset to 1 for both, but rather retained separately for each. So the first year of "Philip and Mary", which begins on 25 Juli 1554, is officially referred to as "1 & 2" (1st year of Philip, 2nd year of Mary). There is the complication, of course, that Mary's previous regnal year began on 6 Juli, a few weeks before Philip's start date of 25 Juli. So the numbers between those two days are adjusted. Taken continuously, the regnal year numbers are:
    • 1 Mary : 6 Jul 1553 sampai 5 Jul 1554
    • 2 Mary : 6 Jul 1554 sampai 24 Jul 1554
    • 1 & 2 Philip dan Mary : 25 Jul 1554 sampai 5 Jul 1555
    • 1 & 3 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1555 sampai 24 Jul 1555
    • 2 & 3 Philip dan Mary; 25 Jul 1555 sampai 5 Jul 1556
    • 2 & 4 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1556 sampai 24 Jul 1556
    • 3 & 4 Philip dan Mary; 25 Jul 1556 sampai 5 Jul 1557
    • 3 & 5 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1557 sampai 24 Jul 1557
    • 4 & 5 Philip dan Mary; 25 Jul 1557 sampai 5 Jul 1558
    • 4 & 6 Philip dan Mary: 6 Jul 1558 sampai 24 Jul 1558
    • 5 & 6 Philip dan Mary: 25 Jul 1558 sampai 17 Nov 1558
  • H. ^ By coincidence, James I's regnal years begin on the same date (25 Maret) as the English civil and legal year.
  • I. ^ The Commonwealth era (1649–1660) is obliterated from the official record. The beginning regnal date of Charles II is 30 Januari 1649, the day his father was executed. However, Charles II would only become de facto king on 29 Mei 1660, officially regarded as the 12th year of his reign. During the Commonwealth era, public documents did not have any regnal or republican calendar, just the conventional calendar date, the "The Year of Our Lord", with normal month and day.
  • J. ^ The English official record regards James II as having abdicated on 11 Desember 1688, the day he slipped out of London (he was captured the next day in Rochester). His formal deposition did not take instrument until 12 February 1689, by a declaration of the convention of old parliamentarians at Westminster (see "Glorious Revolution"), which backdated the "abdication" to 11 Desember. That declaration was entered into statute law later that year, in Desember 1689 (1 Will & Mar., 2nd Sess., c.2).
  • K. ^ This is the exception to "England always has a King" rule, prevailing since the reign of Richard II. With James II officially deposed on 11 Desember 1688, and William & Mary officially beginning 13 February 1689, there is a space of nearly two months in which England, officially speaking, is without a king.
  • L. ^ In regnal numbering, the relationship between "William and Mary" and "William III" is a little tricky. In the Philip and Mary I case, back in the 1550s, each monarch was given their own regnal date and stuck with it. William III and Mary II ascended as monarchs on the same date (13 February 1689), and so it was unnecessary to state it as "1 & 1 William and Mary", but simply "1 William and Mary". But Mary's death (on 27 Desember 1694, in the 6th Tahun of W & M) complicated numbering. If the 1550s model had been used, then William III should have continued on his 6th Tahun until 13 February 1695, when the new regnal year, the 7th year of William III, should have begun. However, in this instance, the regnal start day (but not the year) was reset after Mary's death, so William III's 7th year began prematurely on 28 Desember 1694.
  • M. ^ George III was declared incapacitated on 5 February 1811, in the course of his 51st regnal year. However, the regnal dating was unaffected by the Regency, so regnal years were still measured by George III's regnal date of 25 Oktober, until his death in 1820.
  • N. ^George IV's period as prince regent (1811–1820) for his ailing father, George III, is not counted in his regnal numbering.

Lihat pula

Referensi

Pustaka

Pustaka tambahan

  • Cheney, C.R.; Jones, Michael, ed. (2000). A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 21–47. ISBN 0521770955.