Wikipedia

Orang Yunani

kelompok etnik yang berasal dari Yunani, Siprus, Albania, Italia, Turki, Mesir dan, lebih sedikit, di negara-negara lainnya di sekitar Laut Tengah

Orang Yunani (bahasa Yunani: Έλληνες, Éllines [ˈelines]) adalah kelompok etnik dan bangsa yang berasal dari Yunani, Siprus, Albania selatan, Anatolia, beberapa bagian Italia dan Mesir, dan lebih sedikit di negara lain di sekitaran Laut Tengah bagian timur dan Laut Hitam. Kelompok etnik ini juga menghuni berbagai negara lain di dunia yang dikenal sebagai diaspora (omogenia).[46]

Orang Yunani
Έλληνες
Jumlah populasi
ca 14–17 juta[1][2]
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
 Yunani 9.903.268[3][4]
(sensus 2011)
 Siprus 659.115–721.000[5][6][7][8]
(sensus 2011)
 Amerika Serikat1.279.000–3.000.000a (estimasi 2016)[9][10]
 Jerman449.000b (estimasi 2021)[11]
 Australia424.744 (sensus 2021)[12]
 Inggris Raya290.000–345.000 (estimasi 2011)[13]
 Kanada271.405c (sensus 2016)[14]
 Albania200.000 (estimasi ca 1990)[15]
 Selandia Baruest. 2.478 hingga 10.000, kemungkinan mencapai 50.000[16]
 Afrika Selatan138.000 (estimasi 2011)[17]
 Italia110.000–200.000d (estimasi 2013)[18][19][20]
 Mesir110.000[21][22]
 Chili100.000[23]
 Ukraina91.000 (estimasi 2011)[24]
 Rusia85.640 (sensus 2010)[25]
 Brasil50.000e[26]
 Prancis35.000 (estimasi 2013)[27]
 Belgia35.000 (estimasi 2011)[28]
 Argentina20.000–30.000 (estimasi 2013)[29]
 Belanda28.856 (2021)[30][31]
 Bulgaria1.356 (sensus 2011)[32] hingga 28.500 (estimasi)[33]
 Uruguay25.000–28.000 (sensus 2011)[34]
 Swedia24.736 (sensus 2012)[35]
 Georgia15.000 (estimasi 2011)[36]
 Ceko12.000[37]
 Kazakhstan8.846 (estimasi 2011)[38]
  Swiss11.000 (estimasi 2015)[39]
 Rumania10.000 (estimasi 2013)[40]
 Uzbekistan9.500 (estimasi 2000)[41]
 Austria5.261[42]
 Hungaria4.454 (sensus 2016)[43]
 Turki4.000–49.143f[44][45]
Bahasa
Yunani
Agama
Mayoritas Gereja Ortodoks Yunani
a Termasuk orang keturunan.
b Termasuk orang dengan "akar kebudayaan".
c Orang yang menyatakan asal etnis salah satunya "Yunani" di antara yang lain. Jumlah orang yang menyatakan asal etnis murni "Yunani" adalah 145.250. Selain itu 3.395 orang Siprus yang tidak menyatakan etnisitas tinggal di Kanada.
dDiperkirakan 60.000 orang Griko dan 30.000 imigran pasca PD2.
e "Termasuk keturunan".
f Termasuk Yunani Muslim.

Dalam sejarah orang Yunani membangun tanah jajahan dan permukiman di pantai-pantai Laut Mediterania dan Laut Hitam, namun orang Yunani sendiri selalu berbasis di Laut Aegea dan Laut Ionia, tempat di mana bahasa Yunani sudah dituturkan sejak Zaman Perunggu.[47][48] Hingga awal abad ke-20, orang Yunani tersebar dari semenanjunv Yunani, pantai barat Asia Minor, pantai Laut Hitam, Kapadokia di Anatolia tengah, Mesir, Balkan, Siprus, dan Konstantinopel.[48] Banyak wilayah-wilayah ini sama dengan perbatasan Kekaisaran Bizantium pada akhir abad ke-11 dan area-area di Laut Tengah bagian timur pada zaman penjajahan Yunani kuno.[49] Pusat-pusat kebudayaan orang Yunani adalah di Athena, Tesalonika, Aleksandria, Smirna, dan Konstantinopel di periode yang berbeda.

Di zaman sekarang, kebanyakan orang Yunani tinggal di dalam perbatasan negara Yunani modern atau di Siprus. Genosida Yunani dan pertukaran penduduk antara Yunani dan Turki hampir menghapuskan keberadaan orang Yunani di Asia Minor yang sudah berlangsung tiga ribu tahun lamanya. Populasi Yunani lainnya yang sudah lama ada bisa ditemukan dari Italia bagian selatan hingga Kaukasus dan Rusia dan Ukraina bagian selatan dan masyarakat-masyarakat diaspora Yunani di sejumlah negara lain. Saat ini, kebanyakan orang Yunani terdaftar sebagai anggota Gereja Ortodoks Yunani.[50]

Orang Yunani banyak memengaruhi dan berkontribusi dalam budaya, seni visual, eksplorasi, seni pertunjukan, sastra, filsafat, etika, politik, arsitektur, musik, matematika,[51] kedokteran, sains, teknologi, perdagangan, masakan dan olahraga. Bahasa Yunani adalah bahasa hidup tertua yang tercatat[52] dan kosakatanya digunakan dalam banyak bahasa, salah satunya bahasa Inggris selain itu juga digunakan dalam nomenklatur sains internasional. Bahasa Yunani sejauh ini adalah lingua franca paling luas yang dituturkan di wilayah Laut Tengah sejak abad keempat SM dan Perjanjian Baru dalam Alkitab Kristen juga pada awalnya ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani.[53][54][55]

Pranala luar

sunting

Diaspora

Agama

Akademik

Organisasi dagang

Organisasi amal

  1. ^ Maratou-Alipranti 2013, hlm. 196: "The Greek diaspora remains large, consisting of up to 4 million people globally."
  2. ^ Clogg 2013, hlm. 228: "Greeks of the diaspora, settled in some 141 countries, were held to number 7 million although it is not clear how this figure was arrived at or what criteria were used to define Greek ethnicity, while the population of the homeland, according to the 1991 census, amounted to some 10.25 million."
  3. ^ "2011 Population and Housing Census". Hellenic Statistical Authority. 12 September 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 July 2016. Diakses tanggal 18 May 2016. The Resident Population of Greece is 10.816.286, of which 5.303.223 male (49,0%) and 5.513.063 female (51,0%) ... The total number of permanent residents of Greece with foreign citizenship during the Census was 912.000. [See Graph 6: Resident Population by Citizenship] 
  4. ^ "Statistical Data on Immigrants in Greece: An Analytic Study of Available Data and Recommendations for Conformity with European Union Standards" (PDF). Archive of European Integration (AEI). University of Pittsburgh. 15 November 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2022-10-09. Diakses tanggal 18 May 2016. [p. 5] The Census recorded 762.191 persons normally resident in Greece and without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of these, 48.560 are EU or EFTA nationals; there are also 17.426 Cypriots with privileged status. 
  5. ^ "Population - Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 June 2018. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2018. 
  6. ^ Cole 2011, Yiannis Papadakis, "Cypriots, Greek", pp. 92–95
  7. ^ "Where are the Greek communities of the world?". themanews.com. Protothemanews.com. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2015. 
  8. ^ "Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011". Cystat.gov.cy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2023. 
  9. ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 23 May 2016. 
  10. ^ "U.S. Relations with Greece". United States Department of State. 10 March 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 18 May 2016. Today, an estimated three million Americans resident in the United States claim Greek descent. This large, well-organized community cultivates close political and cultural ties with Greece. 
  11. ^ "Population in private households 2021 by migration background". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 2023-08-06. 
  12. ^ "2021 Census of Population and Housing General Community Profile". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 June 2022. Diakses tanggal 30 December 2022. 
  13. ^ "United Kingdom: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. 
  14. ^ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca.
  15. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama BJp49
  16. ^ "Greeks Around the Globe". AusGreekNet. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 June 2006. 
  17. ^ "South Africa: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 June 2006. 
  18. ^ "Italy: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 July 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2016. The Greek Italian community numbers some 30,000 and is concentrated mainly in central Italy. The age-old presence in Italy of Italians of Greek descent – dating back to Byzantine and Classical times – is attested to by the Griko dialect, which is still spoken in the Magna Graecia region. This historically Greek-speaking villages are Condofuri, Galliciano, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Bova and Bova Marina, which are in the Calabria region (the capital of which is Reggio). The Grecanic region, including Reggio, has a population of some 200,000, while speakers of the Griko dialect number fewer that 1,000 persons. 
  19. ^ "Grecia Salentina" (dalam bahasa Italia). Unione dei Comuni della Grecìa Salentina. 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2016. La popolazione complessiva dell'Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278). 
  20. ^ Bellinello 1998, hlm. 53: "Le attuali colonie Greche calabresi; La Grecìa calabrese si inscrive nel massiccio aspromontano e si concentra nell'ampia e frastagliata valle dell'Amendolea e nelle balze più a oriente, dove sorgono le fiumare dette di S. Pasquale, di Palizzi e Sidèroni e che costituiscono la Bovesia vera e propria. Compresa nei territori di cinque comuni (Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Condofuri), la Grecia si estende per circa 233 km (145 mi)q. La popolazione anagrafica complessiva è di circa 14.000 unità."
  21. ^ "English version of Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports a few thousand and Greek version 3.800". MFA.gr. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 January 2015. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2019. 
  22. ^ Rippin, Andrew (2008). World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-0415456531.
  23. ^ Parvex R. (2014). Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires Diarsipkan 1 August 2020 di Wayback Machine., Hommes & migrations, Nº 1305, 2014. doi:10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720 Diarsipkan 27 September 2023 di Wayback Machine..
  24. ^ "Ukraine: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2016. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. There is a significant Greek presence in southern and eastern Ukraine, which can be traced back to ancient Greek and Byzantine settlers. Ukrainian citizens of Greek descent amount to 91,000 people, although their number is estimated to be much higher by the Federation of Greek communities of Mariupol. 
  25. ^ "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 May 2020. Diakses tanggal 4 February 2016. 
  26. ^ "The Greek Community". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 June 2007. 
  27. ^ "France: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 July 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2016. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. Some 15,000 Greeks reside in the wider region of Paris, Lille and Lyon. In the region of Southern France, the Greek community numbers some 20,000. 
  28. ^ "Belgium: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 January 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. Some 35,000 Greeks reside in Belgium. Official Belgian data numbers Greeks in the country at 17,000, but does not take into account Greeks who have taken Belgian citizenship or work for international organizations and enterprises. 
  29. ^ "Argentina: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 July 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2016. It is estimated that some 20,000 to 30,000 persons of Greek origin currently reside in Argentina, and there are Greek communities in the wider region of Buenos Aires. 
  30. ^ "CBS Statline". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 May 2019. Diakses tanggal 18 January 2020. 
  31. ^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari" (dalam bahasa Belanda). Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 22 July 2021. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 May 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 January 2022. 
  32. ^ "Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група". censusresults.nsi.bg. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 May 2023. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-15. 
  33. ^ "Bulgaria: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 January 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. There are some 28,500 persons of Greek origin and citizenship residing in Bulgaria. This number includes approximately 15,000 Sarakatsani, 2,500 former political refugees, 8,000 "old Greeks", 2,000 university students and 1,000 professionals and their families. 
  34. ^ "Immigration to Uruguay" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Spanyol). INE. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 August 2013. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2013. 
  35. ^ "Sweden: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 April 2013. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2019. The Greek community in Sweden consists of approximately 24,000 Greeks who are permanent inhabitants, included in Swedish society and active in various sectors: science, arts, literature, culture, media, education, business, and politics. 
  36. ^ "Georgia: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 31 January 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 April 2016. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2016. The Greek community of Georgia is currently estimated at 15,000 people, mostly elderly people living in the Tsalkas area. 
  37. ^ "Migranti z Řecka v Česku" [Migrants from Greece in the Czech Republic] (PDF). Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (dalam bahasa Cheska). 9 March 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2022-10-09. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2019. 
  38. ^ "Kazakhstan: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3 February 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 April 2016. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2016. There are between 10,000 and 12,000 ethnic Greeks living in Kazakhstan, organized in several communities. 
  39. ^ "Switzerland: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 10 December 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2016. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. The Greek community in Switzerland is estimated to number some 11,000 persons (of a total of 1.5 million foreigners residing in the country. 
  40. ^ "Romania: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 6 December 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2016. The Greek Romanian community numbers some 10,000, and there are many Greeks working in established Greek enterprises in Romania. 
  41. ^ "Greeks in Uzbekistan". Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. 21 June 2000. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 June 2010. Diakses tanggal 24 December 2008. Currently there are about 9,500 Greeks living in Uzbekistan, with 6,500 living in Tashkent. 
  42. ^ "Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2019. Diakses tanggal 31 July 2015. 
  43. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF). Hungarian Central Statistical Office (dalam bahasa Hungaria). Budapest. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2022-10-09. Diakses tanggal 9 January 2019. 
  44. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Rum Orthodox Christians". Minority Rights Group (MRG). 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2014. 
  45. ^ "Pontic". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 June 2019. Diakses tanggal 13 May 2016. 
  46. ^ Roberts 2007, hlm. 171–172, 222.
  47. ^ Latacz 2004, hlm. 159, 165–166.
  48. ^ a b Sutton 1996.
  49. ^ Beaton 1996, hlm. 1–25.
  50. ^ CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%.
  51. ^ Thomas Heath (1981). A History of Greek Mathematics. Courier Dover Publications. hlm. 1. ISBN 978-0-486-24073-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 February 2023. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2013. 
  52. ^ Tulloch, A. (2017). Understanding English Homonyms: Their Origins and Usage. Hong Kong University Press. hlm. 153. ISBN 978-988-8390-64-9. Diakses tanggal 2023-11-30. Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language. 
  53. ^ Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland The text of the New Testament: an introduction to the critical 1995 p. 52
  54. ^ Archibald Macbride Hunter Introducing the New Testament 1972 p. 9
  55. ^ Bubenik, V. (2007). "The rise of Koiné". Dalam A. F. Christidis. A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: University Press. hlm. 342–345. 
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