Bahasa Jeju
Bahasa Jeju (bahasa Korea: 제주어 Jeju-eo, bahasa Korea dan Jeju: 제주말 Jeju-mal[7]), ialah rumpun bahasa Koreanik yang dituturkan di Pulau Jeju, Korea Selatan secara tradisional. Meskipun sering disebut sebagai dialek Jeju yang berbeda (bahasa Korea: 제주방언 Jeju bang'eon) dari bahasa Korea oleh penduduk daratan utama Korea, varietas ini sebenarnya lebih tepat digolongkan sebagai bahasa tersendiri. Bahasa Jeju tidak dapat dimengerti dengan dialek-dialek daratan Korea Selatan.
Konsonan-konsonan bahasa Jeju mirip dengan konsonan bahasa Korea Seoul, tetapi bahasa Jeju memiliki inventaris vokal yang lebih besar dan lebih konservatif. Bahasa Jeju adalah bahasa akhir-kepala, aglutinatif, akhiran seperti bahasa Korea. Kata benda diikuti partikel yang mungkin berfungsi sebagai penanda kasus. Infleksi kata kerja untuk kala, aspek, suasana hati, keterangan, status sosial nisbi, formalitas, dan maklumat tata bahasa yang lain. Bahasa Korea dan Jeju berbeda secara signifikan dalam paradigma lisan mereka. Misalnya, penanda aspek berkelanjutan Jeju[8] dan suasana hati atau aspek perbedaan banyak akhiran penghubung bahasa Jeju yang tidak ada dalam bahasa Korea. Walaupun sebagian besar leksikon bahasa Jeju adalah rumpun bahasa Koreanik, bahasa ini menyimpan banyak perkataan bahasa Korea Pertengahan yang kini hilang dalam bahasa Korea Baku.
Bahasa Jeju sudah berbeda dari bahasa Korea Seoul pada abad kelima belas, dan tidak dapat dipahami oleh pengunjung Korea daratan pada abad keenam belas. Bahasa ini rusak parah karena Pemberontakan Jeju 1948, Perang Korea, dan pemodernan Korea Selatan. Semua penutur fasih yang tersisa di Pulau Jeju kini berumur lebih dari tujuh puluh tahun. Kebanyakan orang di Pulau Jeju kini bertutur varietas bahasa Korea dengan substratum Jeju. Bahasa ini mungkin lebih kuat dalam masyarakat diaspora di Osaka, Jepang, tetapi bahkan di sana, anggota masyarakat yang lebih muda bertutur bahasa Jepang. Sejak tahun 2010, UNESCO telah menetapkan bahasa tersebut sebagai bahasa yang terancam punah, dengan tingkat bahaya setinggi mungkin. Usaha penggiatan kembali bahasa ini sedang berlangsung.[9]
Lihat juga
sunting- Bon-puri, puisi kisahan berbahasa Jeju yang menjelaskan asal-usul dewa
- Bahasa lain yang terancam punah oleh bahasa dominan yang terkait erat:
- bahasa Skots. Skotlandia
- Bahasa Hachijō dan Ryukyu, Jepang
Catatan
suntingRujukan
suntingPetikan
sunting- ^ Jeju di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
- ^ Ethnologue (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-25, 19), Dallas: SIL International, ISSN 1946-9675, OCLC 43349556, Wikidata Q14790
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Jejueo". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ "Bahasa Jeju". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019, hlm. 4.
- ^ Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019, hlm. 11.
- ^ Yang C., Yang S. & O'Grady 2019, hlm. 280-281.
Daftar pustaka
suntingBahasa Inggris
sunting- Brenzinger, Matthias; Yang, Changyong (September 2017). "Jejueo of South Korea". Dalam Seals, Corinne A.; Shah, Sheena. Heritage Language Policies around the World. Routledge. hlm. 185–199. ISBN 9781317274049.
- Cho, Taehong; Jun, Sun-Ah; Jung, Seung-chul; Ladefoged, Peter (Maret 2000). "The Vowels of Cheju". UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 98: 81–94. Diakses tanggal Mei 11, 2020.
- Cho, Taehong; Jun, Sun-Ah; Ladefoged, Peter (Maret 2000). "An Acoustic and Aerodynamic Study of Consonants in Cheju". Speech Sciences. 7: 109–137. Diakses tanggal May 8, 2020.
- Cummings, Bruce (September 17, 2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (Updated Edition). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393347531.
- Kim, Jee-hong (2017). "Non-canonical Ending Systems in Jeju Korean". 방언학. 26: 229–259. doi:10.19069/kordialect.2017.26.229. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2020.
- Kwak, Saebom; You, Seok-Hoon (Februari 2019). "Analysis of Koreans' Overt and Covert Language Attitudes towards Jeju Dialect". Language Information. 29: 26–54. doi:10.35128/rili.2019.29.2. Diakses tanggal Mei 17, 2020.
- Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). A History of the Korean Language. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-9448-9.
- Saltzman, Moira (August 2014). Language Contact and Morphological Change in Jejueo (Tesis MA). Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University. https://www.academia.edu/9685787/Language_contact_and_morphological_change_in_Jejueo. Diakses pada Mei 20, 2020. Diarsipkan 2021-11-28 di Wayback Machine.
- Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Lingistics. 15 (2): 222–240. doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov. Diakses tanggal Mei 16, 2020.
- Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (October 2019). Jejueo: The Language of Korea's Jeju Island. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 9780824874438.
- Yang, Changyong; O'Grady, William; Yang, Sejung; Hilton, Nanna Haug; Kang, Sang-gu; Kim, So-young (2019). "Revising the Language Map of Korea". Dalam Brunn, Stanley D.; Kehrein, Roland. Handbook of the Changing World Language Map. Springer International Publishing. hlm. 215–230. ISBN 9783030024376.
- Yang, Sejung (November 2014). Teaching Jejueo: Present Problems and Future Plans (PDF). 7th World Congress of Korean Studies. Honolulu, Hawaii.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ————— (December 2018). Assessing Language Knowledge in Jeju: Vocabulary and Verbal Patterns in Jejueo and English (Tesis PhD). Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press. http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/SejungYangFinal.pdf. Diakses pada Mei 16, 2020.
- ————— (2020). "Resegmentation of Tense-Aspect Markers in Jejueo, the Traditional Language of Jeju Island" (PDF). The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 28 (1): 65–78. doi:10.24303/lakdoi.2020.28.1.65. Diakses tanggal Mei 27, 2020.
- "New interactive atlas adds two more endangered languages". unesco.org. Desember 8, 2010. Diakses tanggal Mei 17, 2020.
- "Jeju, UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". unesco.org. Juni 11, 2017. Diakses tanggal Mei 16, 2020.
Bahasa Korea
sunting- 강석한 (Kang Seok-han) (November 2008). "Jeju Hangug-eo-ui gangjo jungcheob-eo-e natanan jaeum eum-byeonhwa yangsang yeon'gu" 제주 한국어의 강조 중첩어에 나타난 자음 음변화 양상 연구 [The Consonant Change Pattern of Emphatic Reduplication in Cheju Korean]. 언어학 연구. 13: 1–16.
- 강영봉 (Kang Young-bong) (2008). Jeju jiyeog-eo saengtae jisu josa bogoseo 제주 지역어 생태 지수 조사 보고서 [Report on the Vitality Quotient of the Jeju Regional Language] (Laporan). National Institute of the Korean Language.
- ——— (2010). Jeju-do-min-ui Jeju-eo sayong siltae josa bogoseo: jung·godeung-haksaeng-eul daesang-euro 제주도민의 제주어 사용 실태 조사 보고서: 중·고등학생을 대상으로 [Report on the Use of the Jeju Language by Jeju Islanders: Focusing on Middle and High School Students] (Laporan). 제주대학교 국어문화원 (Center for Korean Language and Culture, Jeju National University).
- ——— (June 16, 2018). Jeju-eo pyogi-beob-e daehan dansang ‘제주어 표기법’에 대한 단상 [Brief Thoughts on "Jeju Language Orthography"] (PDF). 제주어 표기법 토론회 (Debate on the Orthography of the Jeju Language). Jeju City, Jeju.
- 강윤희 (Kang Yoon-hee) (1994). "Jeju sahoe-eseo du bang'eon sayong-e daehan minjok-ji-jeok yeon'gu" 제주사회에서의 두 방언 사용에 대한 민족지적 연구 [An Ethnographic Study on Bidialectalism in Cheju Society]. 제주도연구. 11: 83–146. ISSN 1229-7569.
- 고동호 (Ko Dong-ho) (December 1997). "Jeju bang'eon-ui moeum johwa yeon'gu" 제주 방언의 모음 조화 연구 [Vowel harmony in the Cheju dialect]. 언어학. 21: 3–48. ISSN 1229-4039. Diakses tanggal May 12, 2020.
- ——— (June 30, 2008). "Jeju bang'eon 'arae-a'-ui sidae-byeol byeonhwa yangsang" 제주 방언 'ㆍ'의 세대별 변화 양상 [Changes of /ㆍ/ in the Jeju dialect in apparent time]. 한국언어문학. 65: 55–74. ISSN 1229-1730. Diakses tanggal May 11, 2020.
- 고동호 (Ko Dong-ho); 송상조 (Song Sang-jo); 오창명 (Oh Chang-myung); 문순덕 (Moon Soon-deok); 오승훈 (Oh Seung-hun) (December 2015). Jejut-mar-ui ihae 제줏말의 이해 [Understanding the Jeju Language]. Jeju City, Jeju: 제주발전연구원. ISBN 978-89-6010-440-2.
- 고미숙 (Ko Mi-Sook); 김원보 (Kim Won-bo); 변길자 (Byun Giljia); 김종훈 (Kim Jong-hoon); 박순복 (Park Soon-bok); 오창명 (Oh Chang-myung) (September 2007). "Jeju bang'eon-ui yeollyeongdae-byeol eogyang-gu gyeonggye-seongjo yeon'gu" 제주방언의 연령대별 억양구 경계성조 연구 [Age-related differences in the boundary tone patterns of intonational phrases in the Jeju dialect]. 언어과학연구. 42: 27–43. ISSN 1229-0343. Diakses tanggal May 14, 2020.
- 고영진 (Ko Young-jin) (June 2008). "Jeju-do bang'eon-ui hyeongtaeron-jeok sang beomju-ui chegye-hwa-reul wihayeo" 제주도 방언의 형태론적 상 범주의 체계화를 위하여 [For the Study of the Morphological Aspect System in Cheju Dialect]. 한글. 280: 101–128. ISSN 1225-0449. Diakses tanggal May 23, 2020.
- 고재환 (Ko Jae-hwan) (September 9, 2011). Jeju-eo gaeron sang 제주어개론 상 [Introduction to Jeju, Volume I]. Seongbuk-gu, Seoul: 보고사. ISBN 978-89-8433-934-7.
- ——— (September 9, 2011). Jeju-eo gaeron ha 제주어개론 하 [Introduction to Jeju, Volume II]. Seongbuk-gu, Seoul: 보고사. ISBN 978-89-8433-935-4.
- 고재환 (Ko Jae-hwan); 송상조 (Song Sang-jo); 김지홍 (Kim Jee-hong); 오창명 (Oh Chang-myung); 오승훈 (Oh Seung-hun); 문순덕 (Moon Soon-deok) (November 2014). Jeju-eo pyogi-beop haeseol 제주어 표기법 해설 [Exposition of the Orthography of the Jeju Language]. Jeju City, Jeju: 제주발전연구원. ISBN 978-89-6010-387-0.
- 권성훈 (Kwon Seong-hun) (February 2017). "Jeju bang'eon sog'eui Mongol-eo chayong-eo" 제주방언 속의 몽골어 차용어 [Mongol Loanwords in Jeju Dialect]. 동악어문학. 70: 53–67. ISSN 1229-4306. Diakses tanggal May 20, 2020.
- 김미진 (Kim Mi-jin) (August 2010). "Jeju-do bang'eon-ui chinjog-eo yeon'gu―yeoseong hawaja-reul jungsim-euro" 제주도 방언의 친족어 연구―여성 화자를 중심으로 [Study on the Kinship terms of JeJu dialect― Focused on female speakers]. 영주어문. 20: 27–41. ISSN 1598-9011. Diakses tanggal May 20, 2020.
- ——— (February 2019). "Jeju bang'eon-ui inyong pyoji yeon'gu" 제주 방언의 인용 표지 연구 [A study on quotation marker of Jeju dialect]. 영주어문. 41: 29–55. doi:10.30774/yjll.2019.02.41.29. ISSN 1598-9011. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2020.
- 김보향 (Kim Bo-hyang) (August 2014). "Osaka Ikuno-ku jiyeok jaeil-Jeju-in-ui Jeju bang'eon sayong siltae-e gwanhan yeon'gu" 오사카 이쿠노쿠 지역 재일제주인의 제주방언 사용 실태에 관한 연구 [A Study on the Jeju Dialect Used by Jeju People Living in Ikuno-ku, Osaka, Japan] (PDF). 영주어문. 28: 111–136. ISSN 1598-9011. Diakses tanggal May 14, 2020.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- 김순자 (Kim Sun-ja) (December 2010). Jeju-do bang'eon-ui eoneo-jiri-hak-jeok yeon'gu (Tesis PhD). Jeju National University.
- ——— (August 2019). "Jeju-do bang'eon-e daehan bang'eon taedo chui yeon'gu" 제주도 방언에 대한 방언 태도 추이 연구 [A Study on Changes in Attitude to Jeju Dialect]. 한국어학. 84: 1–34. ISSN 1226-9123. Diakses tanggal May 17, 2020.
- 김원보 (Kim Won-bo) (May 2004). "Jeju bang'eon-eseo arae-a eum-ui eumhyang-bunseok" 제주 방언에서 [ㆍ] 음의 음향분석 [On the Acoustic Analysis of the Vowel [ㆍ] in Jeju Dialect]. 언어학연구. 9 (1): 73–90. ISSN 1229-0343. Diakses tanggal May 11, 2020.
- ——— (December 2005). "Jeju bang'eon ijung-moeum-ui eumhyang-bunseok" 제주방언 이중모음의 음향분석 [The Acoustic Analysis of the Diphthongs in Jeju Dialect]. 음성과학. 12 (2): 29–41. ISSN 1226-5276. Diakses tanggal May 11, 2020.
- 김정은 (Kim Jeong-eun) (February 24, 2019). "10년 성과 바탕…제주어 정립". Jeju Sinbo. Jeju City, Jeju. Diakses tanggal May 17, 2020.
- 김지홍 (Kim Jee-hong) (July 20, 2015). Jeju bang'eon-ui tongsa gisul-gwa seolmyeong: gibon-gumun-ui gineung-beomju bunseok 제주 방언의 통사 기술과 설명: 기본구문의 기능범주 분석 [Explanation and Description of the Syntax of the Jeju Dialect: Analysis of the Functional Categories of the Basic Syntax]. Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi-do: 도서출판 경진. ISBN 978-89-5996-474-1.
- ——— (September 2016). "Jeju bang'eon-ui seon-eomal-eomi-wa jonggyeol-eomi chegye" 제주 방언의 선어말어미와 종결어미 체계 [On Prefinal and Final Ending Systems in Jeju Korean]. 한글. 313: 109–171. ISSN 1225-0449. Diakses tanggal May 23, 2020.
- 문순덕 (Moon Soon-deok) (2002). "Jeju bang'eon-ui bojo-josa-ui damhwa gineung" 제주 방언 보조조사의 담화 기능 [The Discourse Functions of Auxiliary Noun Markers in the Jeju Dialect]. 영주어문. 4: 71–84. ISSN 1598-9011. Diakses tanggal May 21, 2020.
- ——— (February 2003). "Jeju bang'eon banmal-che cheomsa-ui damhwa gineung" 제주 방언 반말체 첨사의 담화 기능 [The Discourse Functions of Informal-style Particles in the Jeju Dialect]. 영주어문. 5: 71–86. ISSN 1598-9011. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2020.
- ——— (February 2005). "Jeju bang'eon nopim-mal cheomsa-ui damhwa gineung" 제주 방언 높임말 첨사의 담화 기능 [The Discourse Functions of Honorific-style Particles in the Jeju Dialect]. 언어 연구. 20 (3): 1–17. ISSN 1225-4770. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2020.
- ——— (September 2005). "Jeju bang'eon-ui gantu pyohyeon" 제주 방언의 간투 표현 [Interjectional Expressions in Jeju Dialect]. 한글. 269: 161–188. doi:10.22557/HG.2005.09.269.161. ISSN 1225-0449. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2020.
- 문순덕 (Moon Soon-deok); 오창명 (Oh Chang-myeong); 김원보 (Kim Won-bo); 신우봉 (Shin Woo-bong) (2015). Jeju-eo pyogi-beop jamo-ui silje bareum-gwa eumseong bunseok yeon'gu '제주어 표기법’자모의 실제 발음과 음성 분석 연구 [The Actual Pronunciations of Vowels and Consonants Acknowledged in the Transcription Regulation for the Jeju Language and their Phonetic Analysis Study] (Laporan). Center for Jeju Studies, Jeju Development Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province.
- 문순덕 (Moon Soon-deok); 김원보 (Kim Won-bo) (August 2017). "Jeju bang'eon gyeok-josa-ui damhwa gineung" 제주 방언 격조사의 담화 기능 [The Discourse Functions of Noun Case Markers in the Jeju Dialect]. 언어학연구. 22 (2): 55–70. doi:10.21291/jkals.2017.22.2.4. ISSN 1226-9859. Diakses tanggal May 21, 2020.
- 송상조 (Song Sang-jo) (September 30, 2011). Jeju-mal-eseo ttae-garim-so '-ng, -n'-gwa ssi-kkeut-deul-ui hoeung 제주말에서 때가림소 '-ㅇ, -ㄴ'과 씨끝들의 호응 [The Interaction between Tense-differentiating Morphemes "-ng, -n" and Enders]. Seongdong-gu, Seoul: 한국문화사. ISBN 978-89-5726-906-0.
- 신우봉 (Shin Woo-bong) (October 2015). "Jeju-bang'eon pyeongseo-mun-gwa uimun-mun-e natananeun eogyang yeon'gu: eomal-eomi '-an/-eon, -eumen'-eul jungsim-euro" 제주방언 평서문과 의문문에 나타나는 억양 연구: 어말어미 ‘-안/언, -으멘’을 중심으로 [Intonation study of predicate ending and interrogative ending in Jeju dialect: "-ʌn/ɑn, -ɯmɛn"]. 영주어문. 31: 87–109. ISSN 1598-9011. Diakses tanggal May 14, 2020.
- 신우봉 (Shin Woo-bong); 신지영 (Shin Ji-young) (August 2012). "Jeju bang'eon dan-moeum-e daehan eumhyang-eumseong-hak-jeok yeon'gu" 제주 방언 단모음에 대한 음향음성학적 연구 [An Acoustic Phonetic Study on Monophthongs in Jeju Korean]. 한국어학. 56: 63–90. ISSN 1226-9123. Diakses tanggal May 11, 2020.
- 양창용 (Yang Changyong) (June 2009). "Jeju-bang'eon yang-e daehan tongsa·damhwa-ron-jeok gochal" 제주방언 ‘양’에 대한 통사·담화론적 고찰 [A study on "yang" in Jeju dialect with a special reference to its distributions and some discourse functions]. 한국언어문학. 69: 5–28. ISSN 1229-1730. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2020.
- ——— (November 2014). Jeju-eo: yeoksa geurigo taedo 제주어: 역사 그리고 태도 [Jejueo: History and Attitudes] (PDF). 7th World Congress of Korean Studies. Honolulu, Hawaii.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ——— (June 2016). "Jeju-eo-ui yeon'gu hyeonhwang-gwa gwaje" 제주어의 연구 현황과 과제 [Understanding of Status Quo of Jejueo in Language Community of Jeju]. 동서인문학. 51: 131–159. ISSN 1738-9615. Diakses tanggal May 17, 2020.
- 양창용 (Yang Changyong); 김원보 (Kim Won-bo) (May 2013). "Jeju-eo ge-ui damhwa-jeok gineung-e daehan gochal" 제주어 ‘게’의 담화적 기능에 대한 고찰 [A study on the discourse functions of "key" in the Jeju language]. 언어와 언어학. 59: 143–163.
- 우창헌 (Woo Chang-hyun) (September 2005). "Jeju bang'eon-ui '-neu-'-e daehayeo" 제주 방언의 '-느-'에 대하여 [On "-neu-" in the Jeju dialect]. 형태론. 7 (2): 387–402.
- ——— (June 2008). "Bang'eon munbeop hyengtae yeon'gu bangbeop-Jeju-bang'eon seon-eomal-eomi '-keu-'-reul jungsim-euro" 방언 문법 형태 연구 방법-제주방언 선어말어미 '-크-'를 중심으로- [On the Study Method of a Dialect Grammar Form]. 방언학. 7: 57–74. ISSN 1738-8686. Diakses tanggal May 23, 2020.
- 이숙향 (Lee Sook-hyang) (December 2014). "Jeju-eo gangse-gu-ui eogyang" 제주어 강세구의 억양 [The intonation patterns of accentual phrase in Jeju dialect]. 말소리와 음성과학. 6 (4): 117–123. ISSN 2005-8063. Diakses tanggal May 14, 2020.
- 이정민 (Lee Jeong-min) (December 1981). "Hanguk-eo-ui pyojun-eo mit bang'eon-deul sai-ui sangho jeopchok-gwa taedo" 한국어의 표준어 및 방언들 사이의 상호 접촉과 태도 [Language attitude and contacts between Standard Korean and Korean dialects]. 한글. 173: 559–584. ISSN 1225-0449. Diakses tanggal May 16, 2020.
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