Bahasa Makedonia Kuno
bahasa kuno di Kerajaan Makedonia
Bahasa Makedonia Kuno, juga disebut sebagai bahasa Helenik Makedonia,[a] adalah bahasa yang dituturkan oleh suku Makedonia Kuno pada milenium pertama SM dan tergolong ke dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa. Bahasa ini mulai mengalami kemunduran pada abad ke-4 SM karena dipinggirkan oleh penggunaan bahasa Yunani Attika oleh kaum aristokrat Makedonia. Dialek Attika kemudian menjadi landasan bahasa Yunani Koine yang berperan sebagai basantara pada periode Helenistik.[6]
| Bahasa Makedonia
Helenik Makedonia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilayah | Makedonia | ||||||||
| Era | Milenium pertama SM[1] | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Kode bahasa | |||||||||
| ISO 639-3 | xmk | ||||||||
LINGUIST List  | xmk | ||||||||
| Glottolog | Tidak ada | ||||||||
| IETF | xmk | ||||||||
| |||||||||
 Portal Bahasa | |||||||||
Prasasti-prasasti yang telah ditemukan di Makedonia menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada bahasa tertulis lain di Makedonia Kuno selain bahasa Yunani Kuno,[7][8] dan penemuan epigrafi terkini dari wilayah Makedonia di Yunani, seperti lauh kutukan Pella,[9][10][11] menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Makedonia Kuno mungkin merupakan ragam bahasa Yunani Kuno Barat Laut.[12] Bukti-bukti linguistik lainnya menunjukkan bahwa walaupun bahasa Yunani Kuno adalah bahasa sastra, bahasa yang dituturkan oleh rakyat merupakan bahasa yang terpisah dan memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan bahasa Yunani Kuno.[13][14]
Penggolongan
suntingBukti tertulis bahasa Makedonia Kuno yang sangat sedikit, beberapa ahli bahasa masih berbeda dalam menggolongkan bahasa ini.[15][16] Beberapa penggolongan bahasa Makedonia kuno yang disarankan meliputi:[17][18]
- Sebuah dialek bahasa Yunani, bagian dari Doria Barat Laut; dikemukakan oleh Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),[19] dan selanjutnya didukung oleh Olivier Masson (1996),[20] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),[21] Johannes Engels (2010),[22] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),[23] Georgios Babiniotis (2014),[24] Joachim Matzinger (2016),[25] Emilio Crespo (2017),[10] Claude Brixhe (2018),[26] dan M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).[19]
- Sebuah dialek bahasa Yunani, bagian dari Aiolia; dikemukakan oleh August Fick (1874),[20] Otto Hoffmann (1906),[20] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)[27] and Ian Worthington (2012).[28]
Catatan
sunting- ^ untuk membedakan dengan bahasa Slavia Makedonia yang dituturkan di Makedonia Utara.
Catatan kaki
sunting- ^ Makedonia at MultiTree on the Linguist List
- ^ B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.
- ^ Blažek, Václav (2005). "Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages"
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ Eugene N. Borza (1992) In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon, hlm. 94 (citing Hammond); G. Horrocks, Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (1993), ch.4.1.
- ^ Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 94. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7.
Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
- ^ Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000). The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 730. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4.
- ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
- ^ a b Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". Dalam Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 329. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
- ^ Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479-323 BC (edisi ke-Third). Routledge. hlm. 90. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
- ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, hlm.289
- ^ a b Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
"Ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. From the 4th century BC on began the Hellenization of ancient Macedonian." - ^ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
- ^ a b c Joseph, Brian D. (2001). "Ancient Greek". Dalam Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; Bodomo, Adams B.; Faber, Alice; French, Robert. Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present (dalam bahasa Inggris). H. W. Wilson Company. hlm. 256. ISBN 9780824209704.
Family: Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (...) or a sibling language to all of the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic. Related Languages: As noted above, Ancient Macedonian might be the language most closely related to Greek, perhaps even a dialect of Greek. The slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible; but most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic (...).
- ^ J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. ISBN 1-884964-98-2
- ^ Mallory, J.P. (1997). Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q., ed. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. hlm. 361. ISBN 1-884964-98-2.
- ^ Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). "Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives". Dalam Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 299. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
- ^ a b Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians". Ancient Macedonia (dalam bahasa Inggris). De Gruyter. hlm. 64, 77. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
- ^ a b c Masson, Olivier (2003). "[Ancient] Macedonian language". Dalam Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-revised 3rd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 905–906. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
- ^ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
- ^ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95:"This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
- ^ Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". Dalam Giannakis, Georgios K. Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. hlm. 145. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
- ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2014). "Ancient Macedonian: A case study". Macedonian Studies Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). Australia. 1 (1): 7.
On all levels (phonological, grammatical and lexical) common structural features of Macedonian and Doric lead us to classify Macedonian within the Doric, especially the Northwestern group of Doric dialects.
- ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2016). Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (Speech) (dalam bahasa Jerman). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ Brixhe, Claude (2018). "Macedonian". Dalam Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 3. De Gruyter. hlm. 1862–1867. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
- ^ Hammond, N.G.L (1997). Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics (dalam bahasa Inggris). A.M. Hakkert. hlm. 79.
- ^ Worthington, Ian (2012). Alexander the Great: A Reader (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2.
- ^ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.