Bioarang

Bioarang adalah residu berwarna hitam ringan, terdiri dari karbon dan abu, sisa setelah pirolisis biomassa, dan merupakan salah satu bentuk arang . ^[1] Bioarang didefinisikan oleh International bioarang Initiative sebagai "bahan padat yang diperoleh dari konversi termokimia biomassa dalam lingkungan dengan oksigen terbatas ". ^[2]

Bioarang terutama digunakan untuk aplikasi tanah dan dikenal dapat meningkatkan ketersediaan unsur hara tanah, aerasi dalam tanah, dan penyaringan air tanah. ^{[ tidak terverifikasi di badan ]} Penerapan bioarang dapat meningkatkan kesuburan tanah pada tanah masam dan meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian . ^[3]^{[ lebih baik sumber diperlukan ]} Potensi dampak buruk bioarang antara lain terganggunya tingkat pH tanah dan masuknya karakteristik kimia berbahaya yang menyebabkan masalah pada dimensi mikro.

Selain diaplikasikan pada tanah, bioarang juga dapat digunakan untuk pertanian tebang-dan-bakar, untuk retensi air dalam tanah, dan sebagai bahan tambahan untuk pakan ternak . Terdapat peningkatan fokus pada potensi peran penerapan bioarang dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim global. Karena stabilitasnya yang tahan api, bioarang dapat bertahan di tanah atau lingkungan lain selama ribuan tahun. ^[4] Hal ini memunculkan konsep Biochar Carbon Removal, yaitu penyerapan karbon dalam bentuk bioarang. ^[4] Penghapusan karbon dapat dicapai ketika bioarang mutu tinggi diterapkan pada tanah, atau ditambahkan sebagai bahan pengganti bahan konstruksi seperti beton dan tar.

Sejarah

Masyarakat Amazon pra-Columbus memproduksi bioarang dengan membakar limbah pertanian (yaitu, menutupi pembakaran biomassa dengan tanah) ^[5] di dalam lubang atau parit. ^[6] Tidak diketahui apakah mereka sengaja menggunakan bioarang untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah. ^[6] Pemukim Eropa menyebutnya terra preta de Indio . ^[7] Setelah observasi dan eksperimen, salah satu tim peneliti yang bekerja di Guyana Perancis berhipotesis bahwa cacing tanah Amazon Pontoscolex corethrurus adalah penyebab utama pembuatan bubuk halus dan penggabungan sisa-sisa arang ke dalam tanah mineral. ^[8]

Referensi

^ Khedulkar, Akhil Pradiprao; Dang, Van Dien; Thamilselvan, Annadurai; Doong, Ruey-an; Pandit, Bidhan (2024-01-30). "Sustainable high-energy supercapacitors: Metal oxide-agricultural waste biochar composites paving the way for a greener future". Journal of Energy Storage. 77: 109723. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109723. ISSN 2352-152X.
^ "Standardized production definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil" (PDF). International Biochar Initiative. 23 November 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 February 2019.
^ "Slash and Char". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 July 2014. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b Lean, Geoffrey (7 December 2008). "Ancient skills 'could reverse global warming'". The Independent. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 1 October 2011.
^ Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Thies, Janice; Schäfer, Thorsten; Liang, Biqing; Kinyangi, James; Neves, Eduardo; Petersen, James; Luizão, Flavio (May 2007). "Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 71 (9): 2285–2298. Bibcode:2007GeCoA..71.2285S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.014. ISSN 0016-7037. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 November 2021. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2021. "Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin
^ ^a ^b Lehmann 2007a Similar soils are found, more scarcely, elsewhere in the world. To date, scientists have been unable to completely reproduce the beneficial growth properties of terra preta. It is hypothesized that part of the alleged benefits of terra preta require the biochar to be aged so that it increases the cation exchange capacity of the soil, among other possible effects. In fact, there is no evidence natives made biochar for soil treatment, but rather for transportable fuel charcoal; there is little evidence for any hypothesis accounting for the frequency and location of terra preta patches in Amazonia. Abandoned or forgotten charcoal pits left for centuries were eventually reclaimed by the forest. In that time, the initially harsh negative effects of the char (high pH, extreme ash content, salinity) wore off and turned positive as the forest soil ecosystem saturated the charcoals with nutrients. supra note 2 at 386 ("Only aged biochar shows high cation retention, as in Amazonian Dark Earths. At high temperatures (30–70 °C), cation retention occurs within a few months. The production method that would attain high CEC in soil in cold climates is not currently known.") (internal citations omitted).
^ Glaser, Lehmann & Zech 2002 "These so-called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques." (internal citations omitted)
^ Jean-François Ponge; Stéphanie Topoliantz; Sylvain Ballof; Jean-Pierre Rossi; Patrick Lavelle; Jean-Marie Betsch; Philippe Gaucher (2006). "Ingestion of charcoal by the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus: a potential for tropical soil fertility" (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38 (7): 2008–2009. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.024. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2016.

[1] Khedulkar, Akhil Pradiprao; Dang, Van Dien; Thamilselvan, Annadurai; Doong, Ruey-an; Pandit, Bidhan (2024-01-30). "Sustainable high-energy supercapacitors: Metal oxide-agricultural waste biochar composites paving the way for a greener future". Journal of Energy Storage. 77: 109723. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109723. ISSN 2352-152X.

[auto22-2] "Standardized production definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil" (PDF). International Biochar Initiative. 23 November 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 February 2019.

[3] "Slash and Char". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 July 2014. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2014.

[indep122-4] Lean, Geoffrey (7 December 2008). "Ancient skills 'could reverse global warming'". The Independent. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 1 October 2011.

[5] Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Thies, Janice; Schäfer, Thorsten; Liang, Biqing; Kinyangi, James; Neves, Eduardo; Petersen, James; Luizão, Flavio (May 2007). "Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 71 (9): 2285–2298. Bibcode:2007GeCoA..71.2285S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.014. ISSN 0016-7037. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 November 2021. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2021. "Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin

[ReferenceA-6] Lehmann 2007a Similar soils are found, more scarcely, elsewhere in the world. To date, scientists have been unable to completely reproduce the beneficial growth properties of terra preta. It is hypothesized that part of the alleged benefits of terra preta require the biochar to be aged so that it increases the cation exchange capacity of the soil, among other possible effects. In fact, there is no evidence natives made biochar for soil treatment, but rather for transportable fuel charcoal; there is little evidence for any hypothesis accounting for the frequency and location of terra preta patches in Amazonia. Abandoned or forgotten charcoal pits left for centuries were eventually reclaimed by the forest. In that time, the initially harsh negative effects of the char (high pH, extreme ash content, salinity) wore off and turned positive as the forest soil ecosystem saturated the charcoals with nutrients. supra note 2 at 386 ("Only aged biochar shows high cation retention, as in Amazonian Dark Earths. At high temperatures (30–70 °C), cation retention occurs within a few months. The production method that would attain high CEC in soil in cold climates is not currently known.") (internal citations omitted).

[7] Glaser, Lehmann & Zech 2002 "These so-called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques." (internal citations omitted)

[8] Jean-François Ponge; Stéphanie Topoliantz; Sylvain Ballof; Jean-Pierre Rossi; Patrick Lavelle; Jean-Marie Betsch; Philippe Gaucher (2006). "Ingestion of charcoal by the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus: a potential for tropical soil fertility" (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38 (7): 2008–2009. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.024. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2016.

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