Wikipedia

Briz (tahapan roket)

Briz-K, Briz-KM, dan Briz-M (bahasa Rusia: Бриз-К, КM, dan M yang berarti Breeze-K, KM, dan M) adalah roket propelan cair tahap atas Wahana tunda antariksa penyisipan orbit Rusia yang diproduksi oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Produksi Luar Angkasa Negara Khrunichev dan digunakan pada Proton-M dan Angara A5. Tahap atas juga digunakan pada Rokot, salah satu peluncur terkecil Rusia, sebelum dipensiunkan pada tahun 2019. Tahap atas ini didukung oleh mesin S5.98M dengan bahan propelan pembakar N2O4 / UDMH

Model tahap atas roket Briz M dan KM Rusia

Karakteristik

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Briz-K dan Briz-KM

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Briz-K, indeks GRAU 14S12, adalah struktur satu bagian dengan kompartemen tangki berbentuk kerucut dan mesin yang terletak di ceruk tangki bahan bakar. Briz-KM (indeks GRAU 14S45) adalah versi perbaikan dari Briz-K. Briz-K dan Briz-KM digunakan sebagai tahap ketiga dari kendaraan peluncur Rokot.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Briz-M

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Briz-M, indeks GRAU 14S43, dirancang untuk menyuntikkan muatan besar ke orbit geosinkron rendah, sedang-tinggi atau tinggi. Briz-M adalah tahap atas kembar yang terdiri dari modul inti (menggunakan Briz-KM sebagai dasar) dan tangki toroidal tambahan yang dapat dibuang yang mengelilingi inti. Ini didukung oleh mesin utama pompa gimbal, 14D30. Mesin utama dapat dihidupkan ulang 8 kali dalam penerbangan dan memungkinkan penempatan pesawat ruang angkasa yang presisi ke orbit. Masa pakai orbit Briz-M dibatasi oleh daya baterai onboard yang tersedia dan saat ini 24 jam. Total waktu misi Proton/Briz-M standar ke profil orbit geosinkron dari lepas landas hingga pemisahan pesawat ruang angkasa adalah sekitar 9,3 jam. Kendaraan peluncur Proton dengan tahap atas Briz-M juga dapat menyuntikkan muatan ke lintasan pelarian Bumi.

Salah satu tujuan desain sistem adalah untuk menjaga dimensi keseluruhan sekecil mungkin. Briz-M membutuhkan lebih sedikit ruang di atas kendaraan peluncur dibandingkan dengan pendahulunya, tahap atas Block D, meninggalkan volume yang dibebaskan untuk kargo. Sebuah Proton dengan Briz-M dapat menempatkan satelit seberat 4.385 kg, seperti A2100AX, ke orbit target dengan apogee 35.786 km, perigee 7.030 km, dan inklinasi 17,3°. Kemampuan angkat maksimum tahap Briz-M adalah 5.645 kg ke orbit transfer geosinkron dengan kecepatan sisa 1.500 m/s ke GSO. Peluncuran tandem beberapa wahana antariksa juga didukung, dengan kemampuan untuk menyuntikkan wahana antariksa ke orbit yang berbeda.

Sejarah

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Penerbangan perdana Briz-M berlangsung pada tanggal 5 Juli 1999. Penerbangan tersebut gagal karena meledaknya tahap kedua roket pembawa. Penerbangan tersebut membawa satelit komunikasi sebagai muatannya.

Briz-M menyelesaikan penerbangan sukses pertamanya pada tanggal 6 Juni 2000, saat mengantarkan satelit komunikasi Gorizont ke orbit.

Rencananya Briz-M akan digunakan pada roket Angara versi A3 dan A5 di masa depan.

RiWayat peluncuran

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Proton M/Briz M

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# Tanggal peluncuran Konfigurasi Pelabuhan antariksa Hasil Muatan Catatan
1 5 July 1999 Proton-K/Briz-Me Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure Raduga 1 communication satellite.
Launch failure due to explosion of Proton second stage
2 6 June 2000 Proton-K/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Gorizont #45L communication satellite First successful flight of the Briz-M
3 7 April 2001 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Ekran-M #18L communications satellite Maiden flight of Proton-M
4 30 December 2002 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Nimiq 2 satellite
5 6 June 2003 Proton-K/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Americom-9 communication satellite
6 10 December 2003 Proton-K/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Three GLONASS positioning satellites (Kosmos -2402, -2403 and -2404 )
7 15 March 2004 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Eutelsat W3A communications satellite
8 17 June 2004 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Intelsat-10-02 communications satellite
9 5 August 2004 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Amazonas 1 satellite Delivered into an elliptical transfer orbit
10 15 October 2004 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses AMC-15 communications satellite for SES Americom
11 3 February 2005 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses AMC-12 communications satellite for SES Americom
12 22 May 2005 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Direc TV-8 satellite
13 8 September 2005 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Anik-F1R satellite
14 29 December 2005 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses AMC-23 communications satellite
15 28 February 2006 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure Arabsat-4A communication satellite
A Briz-M failure leaves it and the payload in unusable orbit, with Briz-M eventually exploding on 19 February 2007, producing over 1000 trackable pieces of space debris.[8][9]
16 4 August 2006 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Hot Bird 8 communications satellite Delivered into the geostationary orbit for the Eutelsat
17 8 November 2006 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Arabsat-4B (Badr-4) communications satellite
18 11 December 2006 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses MEASAT-3 Malaysian communications satellite
19 10 April 2007 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Anik F3 satellite for Telesat of Canada
20 7 July 2007 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses DirecTV-10 satellite
21 6 September 2007 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure JCSAT-11 satellite
Proton-M with cargo crashed after second stage failure of a gimbal mechanism
22 18 November 2007 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Sirus 4 communications satellite
23 9 December 2007 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Raduga-1M #1 satellite
24 28 January 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Express AM33 satellite
25 11 February 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Thor 5 satellite
26 15 March 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure AMC-14 satellite AMC-14 deployed into useless orbit
Failed during second Briz-M burn. The failure was caused by a ruptured exhaust gas conduit, which led to a shutdown of the turbo pump feeding the Briz-M engine.[10]
27 19 August 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Inmarsat 4 F3 satellite A modification was made to the Briz-M engine to include a new conduit in response to the 14 March failure. This modification will be used in all future launches.[10][11]
28 20 September 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Nimiq-4 satellite [12]
29 6 November 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Astra 1M satellite
30 10 December 2008 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Ciel-2 satellite [13]
31 11 February 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Express-AM44 and Express-MD1 satellites
32 3 April 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Eutelsat W2A satellite
33 16 May 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses ProtoStar 2 satellite
34 1 July 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Sirius FM-5 satellite [14]
35 12 August 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Asiasat 5 satellite
36 17 September 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Nimiq-5 satellite
37 24 November 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Eutelsat W7 satellite
38 29 December 2009 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses DirecTV 12 satellite
39 28 January 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Raduga-1M/Globus-1M military/communication satellites
40 12 February 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Intelsat 16 satellite
41 20 March 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Echostar-14 satellite
42 24 April 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses SES-1 satellite
43 4 June 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses BADR-5 satellite
44 11 July 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses EchoStar-15 satellite
45 14 October 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Sirius XM-5 satellite
46 14 November 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses SkyTerra-1 communication satellite
47 27 December 2010 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses KA-Sat communication satellite
48 20 May 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Telstar 14R satellite
49 16 July 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses KazSat-2 and SES-3 satellites
50 18 August 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure Ekspress-AM4 satellite
Lost contact with Briz-M on fourth burn.[15]
51 21 September 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Kosmos 2473 (Garpun) satellite
52 29 September 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses QuetzSat-1 satellite
53 19 October 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses ViaSat-1 satellite
54 4 November 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses 3 Glonass-M satellites.[16]
55 25 November 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses AsiaSat-7 communication satellite
56 11 December 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses AMOS-5 (Spacecom) and Luch-5A satellites[17]
57 14 February 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses SES-4 communication satellite[18]
58 25 March 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Intelsat-22 communication satellite
59 24 April 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses YahSat 1B communication satellite
60 17 May 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Nimiq-6 communication satellite
61 9 July 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses SES-5 communication satellite
62 6 August 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure Telkom-3 and Ekspress-MD2 communication satellites[19]
Briz-M failure
63 14 October 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Intelsat 23 communication satellite
64 3 November 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Luch-5B and Yamal-300K communication satellites
65 20 November 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses EchoStar-16 communication satellite
66 8 December 2012 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Partial failure Yamal-402 communication satellite Satellite placed close to designated orbit, it was possible to correct it[20]
Briz-M stage failure
67 26 March 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Satmex 8 communications satellite Satellite placed into Geostationary transfer orbit[21]
68 15 April 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Anik-G1 satellite[22]
69 14 May 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Eutelsat-3D satellite[23]
70 3 June 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses SES-6 communication satellite Satellite deployed into super-synchronous transfer orbit[24]
71 30 September 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Astra-2E communication satellite Satellite deployed into Geosynchronous transfer orbit[25]
72 25 October 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Sirius FM-6 satellite Satellite deployed into Geostationary transfer orbit[26]
73 12 November 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Raduga 1M #3 military communications satellite All telemetry and data from the Briz-M was lost due to failed onboard data processing system (Pyrite), however the satellite was delivered to the correct orbit[27]
74 8 December 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Inmarsat-5 F1 satellite Satellite deployed into super-synchronous transfer orbit[28]
75 26 December 2013 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Ekspress AM-5 satellite[29]
76 15 February 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Turksat-4A telecommunications satellite Satellite deployed into Geostationary transfer orbit[30]
77 16 March 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Express AT1 and Express AT2 telecommunications satellites Satellites deployed into Geostationary orbit[31]
78 28 April 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Luch-5V and KazSat-3 communications satellites Satellites deployed into Geosynchronous orbit[32]
79 16 May 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure Ekspress AM-4R satellite
Failed Proton-M third stage[33]
80 28 September 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Olimp-K/Luch military communications satellite Satellite deployed into Geostationary orbit[34]
81 21 October 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Partial failure Ekspress-AM6 satellite Satellite placed close to designated orbit
Satellite was delivered to a lower-than-planned orbit due to problems with the Briz-M. Later, Roscosmos stated that Ekspress-AM6 would be able to reach its planned orbit and expected to be operational by 1 July 2015[35]
82 15 December 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Yamal 401 satellite Satellite deployed into Geostationary orbit[36]
83 28 December 2014 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Astra 2G satellite Satellite deployed into Geostationary orbit[37]
84 1 February 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Inmarsat 5-F2 satellite Satellite deployed into Supersynchronous orbit [38]
85 19 March 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Ekspress AM-7 communications satellite Satellite deployed into Geostationary orbit [39]
86 16 May 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Templat:Failure Mexsat-1 Centenario satellite
Third stage failure
87 28 August 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Inmarsat-5 F3 communication satellite
88 16 October 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Turksat-4B communication satellite
89 13 December 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Kosmos-2513 (Garpun-12L) military/communication satellite
90 25 December 2015 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Ekspress-AMU1 communication satellite
91 30 January 2016 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Eutelsat-9B communication satellite
92 14 March 2016 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses ExoMars-2016[40] Mars exploration/communication satellite
93 9 June 2016 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Intelsat-31 (DLA-2) communications satellite
94 8 June 2017 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses EchoStar 21 communications satellite
95 16 August 2017 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Blagovest-11L communications satellite
96 11 September 2017 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Amazonas 5 communications satellite
97 28 September 2017 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses AsiaSat 9 communications satellite
98 18 April 2018 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Blagovest-12L military communications satellite
99 21 December 2018 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Blagovest-13L military communications satellite
100 30 May 2019 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Yamal-601 communications satellite
101 9 October 2019 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Kazakhstan Sukses Eutelsat 5 West B / MEV-1
102 30 July 2020 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Khazakhstan Sukses Ekspress-80/Ekspress-103
103 13 December 2021 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Khazakhstan Sukses Ekspress-AMU3/Ekspress-AMU7
104 13 March 2023 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur, Khazakhstan Sukses Olymp-K №2

Angara A5/Briz-M

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# Tanggal peluncuran Konfigurasi Pelabuhan antariksa Hasil Muatan Catatan
1 23 December 2014 Angara A5/Briz-M Plesetsk, Russia Sukses Dummy satellite Maiden flight of Russia's new-generation Angara A5 launch vehicle
Mass simulator intentionally not separated from Briz-M upper stage[41]
2 14 December 2020 Angara A5/Briz-M Plesetsk, Russia Sukses Dummy satellite Second launch of the Angara A5/Briz-M
Mass simulator intentionally not separated from Briz-M upper stage

Lihat pula

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Referensi

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  1. ^ "Briz space tug family". russianspaceweb.com. March 18, 2021. Diakses tanggal April 5, 2023. 
  2. ^ "Russia launches relay craft, commemorative satellite". Spaceflight Now. 
  3. ^ Proton/Breeze-M International Launch Services, retrieved on 23 March 2009
  4. ^ "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide" (PDF). International Launch Services. 
  5. ^ "Proton rocket". 
  6. ^ "orbit.jpg". Khrunichev. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 February 2008. 
  7. ^ "Breeze-M Powered Flight". Khrunichev. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 December 2007. 
  8. ^ "Rocket Explosion". Spaceweather.com. 22 February 2007. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2007. 
  9. ^ Than, Ker (21 February 2007). "Rocket Explodes Over Australia, Showers Space with Debris". Space.com. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2007. 
  10. ^ a b "PROTON BREEZE M CLEARED FOR RETURN TO FLIGHT". ilslaunch.com. 16 June 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 May 2015. 
  11. ^ "ILS PROTON SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES INMARSAT-4 F3 SATELLITE". ilslaunch.com. 19 August 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 May 2015. 
  12. ^ "ILS PROTON SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES TELESAT'S NIMIQ 4 SATELLITE | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-13. 
  13. ^ "ILS PROTON SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES CIEL II SATELLITE | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-13. 
  14. ^ "ILS PROTON SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES SIRIUS FM-5 SATELLITE". International Launch Services. 1 July 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 May 2015. 
  15. ^ "FAILURE: Proton-M launch with Ekspress-AM4 satellite – August 18, 2011". NASA Space Flight. 18 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2011. 
  16. ^ STEPHEN CLARK. "Proton rocket replenishes Russian navigation system". Spaceflight Now. 
  17. ^ "AMOS-5 Communications Satellite Successfully Launched". spaceref.com. December 12, 2011. Diakses tanggal April 5, 2023. 
  18. ^ Bergin, Chris (14 February 2012). "ILS Proton-M successfully launches SES-4". NASAspaceflight. 
  19. ^ Bergin, Chris (6 August 2012). "Proton-M launch: Telkom-3 and Ekspress-MD2 lost after Briz-M failure". NASAspaceflight. 
  20. ^ Chris Bergin (December 8, 2012). "ILS Proton-M launch with Yamal-402 suffers Briz-M anomaly". nasaspaceflight.com. Diakses tanggal April 5, 2023. 
  21. ^ Chris Bergin (26 March 2013). "ILS Proton-M makes successful return with Satmex 8". NASA SPACEFLIGHT.com. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  22. ^ Chris Bergin (15 April 2013). "ILS Proton-M successfully launches Canada's Anik G1". NASA SPACEFLIGHT.com. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  23. ^ Chris Bergin (14 May 2013). "ILS Proton-M launches with EUTELSAT 3D". NASA SPACEFLIGHT.com. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  24. ^ Chris Bergin (2 June 2013). "ILS Proton-M successfully lofts SES-6". NASA SPACEFLIGHT.com. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  25. ^ "Proton-M/Briz-M makes successful Return to Flight – Delivering Astra 2E". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 30 September 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  26. ^ "Sirius FM-6 in Orbit after successful Proton Launch & Briz-M Flight". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 25 October 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  27. ^ "Recent Briz-M Flight was not without Flaw, Officials confirm". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 29 November 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  28. ^ "Proton/Briz-M completes long Flight to deliver Inmarsat-5 F1 to Orbit". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 9 December 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  29. ^ "Proton Rocket launches advanced Russian Communications Satellite". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 26 December 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  30. ^ "Proton-M & Briz-M successfully boost Turksat 4A into Orbit". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 15 February 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  31. ^ "Express AT1 and Express AT2 launch a success". THALES. 18 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  32. ^ "Proton/Briz-M successfully Launches Luch-5V & KazSat-3 Comsats". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 28 April 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 February 2015. 
  33. ^ "Ekspress AM-4R – Proton Launch Updates". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 30 September 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 March 2015. Diakses tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  34. ^ Anatoly Zak (13 January 2014). "Proton successfully returns to flight delivering a secret Olymp satellite". Diakses tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  35. ^ "Ekspress AM-6 Satellite begins Maneuvers to correct its Orbit". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 12 November 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 March 2015. Diakses tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  36. ^ "Proton Rocket successfully completes 400th Launch, lofting Yamal 401". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 30 September 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  37. ^ "Successful Proton Mission Caps busy Year of Russian Space Launches". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 27 December 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 February 2015. 
  38. ^ "Inmarsat 5-F2 Comsat arrives in Orbit after successful Proton/Briz-M Mission". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 1 February 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 February 2015. 
  39. ^ "Ekspress AM-7 ComSat successfully delivered to Orbit by Proton/Briz-M". SPACEFLIGHT 101. 19 March 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2015. 
  40. ^ "Exomars trace gas orbiter and schiaparelli mission (2016)". ESA. 17 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 June 2016. 
  41. ^ "Разгонный блок "Бриз-М" вывел на целевую орбиту условный спутник, запущенный на "Ангаре"". ITAR-TASS. 23 December 2014. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2014. 
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