Étienne Macdonald
Étienne Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald,[1][2][3] Adipati Pertama Taranto (17 November 1765 - 25 September 1840[4]), adalah Marsekal Kekaisaran dan pemimpin militer selama Revolusi Prancis dan Peperangan era Napoleon.[5]
Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald[1][3] lahir di Sedan, Prancis. Ayahandanya, Neil MacEachen, kemudian MacDonald, berasal dari keluarga Jacobit dari Howbeg di Uist Selatan, Skotlandia Barat. Dia adalah kerabat dekat Flora MacDonald, yang memainkan peran kunci dalam pelarian Pangeran Charles Edward Stuart setelah kegagalan Pemberontakan 1745.
Lihat pula
suntingCatatan
sunting- ^ a b Le Petit Robert des noms propres, French edition, 2018, entry « Macdonald (Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre) ». As a French citizen, his name has been registered as "Macdonald", without an upercase "D" after the prefix "Mac".
- ^ Encyclopædia Universalis. "Eugène de Beauharnais". universalis.fr. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-05.
[…] grâce aux conseils de Macdonald qu'il a la sagesse d'écouter […]
. - ^ a b Bibliothèque nationale de France. "Notice de personne : Macdonald, Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre (1765-1840)". catalogue.bnf.fr. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07..
- ^ France (1841). Bulletin des lois de la République Française. Impr. Nat. des Lois. hlm. 542.
- ^ In the English translation of the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) his name and title is given as James Stephen Alexander Macdonald, Duke of Tarentum (Alphonse de Lamartine (translated by Michael Rafter). The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France. H. G. Bohn, 1854 (New York Public Library). pp 201-207)
Referensi
sunting- Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3025-7
- Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3034-9
- Heraldica.org – Napoleonic heraldry
Macdonald was especially fortunate to have accounts of his military exploits recorded by Mathieu Dumas and Ségur who were on his staff in Switzerland.
- M.Dumas, Evénements militaires
- Ségur's rare tract, Lecture sur la campagne du Général Macdonald dans les Grisons en 1800 et 1801 (1802), and Eloge (1842).
- His memoirs were published in 1892 (Eng. trans., Recollections of Marshal Macdonald), but are brief and wanting in balance.
His diary of 1825 has been translated into English with a commentary ...
- The French Macdonald : journey of a marshal of Napoléon in the Highlands and islands of Scotland ... : the 1825 travel diary of Jacques Etienne Joseph Alexandre Macdonald, with commentaries by Jean-Didier Hache and Domhnall Uilleam Stiùbhart. [Port of Ness, Isle of Lewis]: The Islands Book Trust, 2007 209p. ISBN 978-1-907443-01-5