Guernica

Untuk kota di Spanyol, lihat Gernika-Lumo.

Guernica (bahasa Spanyol: [ɡeɾˈnika], bahasa Basque: [ɡernika]) adalah lukisan minyak besar di atas kanvas karya seniman Spanyol Pablo Picasso yang selesai dibuat pada Juni 1937. Lukisan ini sekarang berada di Museo Reina Sofía di Madrid. Lukisan dengan warna abu-abu, hitam, dan putih ini dibuat di rumah Picasso di Paris. Lukisan ini dianggap oleh banyak kritikus seni sebagai salah satu lukisan anti-perang yang paling mengharukan dan paling kuat dalam sejarah, dan merupakan salah satu karya Picasso yang paling terkenal.

Guernica
Seniman	Pablo Picasso
Tahun	1937
Medium	Minyak pada kanvas
Ukuran	349.3 cm × 776.6 cm (137.4 in × 305.5 in)
Lokasi	Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spanyol

Dengan tinggi 3,49 meter dan lebar 7,76 meter, lukisan itu menunjukkan penderitaan manusia dan hewan yang direnggut oleh kekerasan dan kekacauan. Yang menonjol dalam komposisi adalah kuda yang ditanduk, kerbau, wanita berteriak, tubuh yang dipotong-potong, dan api.

Lukisan itu dibuat sebagai tanggapan atas pengeboman Guernica, sebuah kota di Negara Basque di Spanyol utara, oleh Jerman Nazi dan Italia Fasis atas permintaan Nasionalis Spanyol. Setelah selesai, Guernica dipamerkan di pameran Spanyol dalam Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne di Paris pada tahun 1937 dan kemudian di tempat-tempat lain di seluruh dunia. Pameran tur digunakan untuk mengumpulkan dana untuk bantuan perang Spanyol. Lukisan itu menjadi terkenal dan diakui secara luas, dan itu membantu menarik perhatian dunia pada Perang Saudara Spanyol.

Referensi dan sumber

Referensi

Sumber

• Arnheim, Rudolf. (1973). The Genesis of a Painting: Picasso's Guernica. London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25007-9
• Barton, Simon. (2004). A History of Spain. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Becht-Jördens, Gereon: Picassos Guernica als kunsttheoretisches Programm. In: Becht-Jördens, Gereon and Wehmeier, (In German) Peter M.: Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie. Mutterbeziehung und künstlerische Position. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 2003, S. 209–237 ISBN 3-496-01272-2
• Becraft, Melvin E. Picasso's Guernica – Images within Images 3rd Edition PDF download Diarsipkan 2016-01-09 di Wayback Machine.
• Beevor, Antony. (2006) The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84832-5
• Blunt, Anthony. (1969) Picasso's Guernica. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-500135-4
• Bonazzoli, Francesca, and Michele Robecchi. (2014) "Pablo Picasso: Guernica", in Mona Lisa to Marge: How the World's Greatest Artworks Entered Popular Culture. New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-379134877-3
• Campbell, Peter (2009). "At the New Whitechapel" London Review of Books 31(8), 30 April 2009.
• Cohen, David. (2003) Hidden Treasures: What's So Controversial About Picasso's Guernica? Diarsipkan 2008-10-14 di Wayback Machine., Slate, 6 February 2003. Accessed 16 July 2006.
• Fluegel, Jane. (1980) "Chronology" in Rubin (1980) Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective.
• Francesconi, Elizabeth. (2006) "A Look Inside Picasso's War Images", discourse: An Online Journal by the students of Southern Methodist University, Spring 2006.
• Granell, Eugenio Fernándes, Picasso's Guernica: the end of a Spanish era Diarsipkan 2023-08-10 di Wayback Machine. (Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1981) ISBN 0-8357-1206-0, ISBN 978-0-8357-1206-4
• Greenberg, Clement (1993). The Collected Essays and Criticism; Volume 4: Modernism with a Vengeance, 1957–1969. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226306240
• Harris, Mark and Becraft, Melvin E. Picasso's Secret Guernica Diarsipkan 2023-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
• Hensbergen, Gijs van. (2004) Guernica: The Biography of a Twentieth-Century Icon. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-58234-124-8
• Hensbergen, Gijs van. (2009) "Piecing together Guernica" Diarsipkan 2022-12-06 di Wayback Machine.. BBC News Magazine: 7 April 2009. Accessed: 14 August 2009.
• Hoberman, J. "Pop and Circumstance". The Nation, 13 December 2004, 22–26.
• Kennedy, Maev. (2009) "Picasso tapestry of Guernica heads to UK" Diarsipkan 2022-10-06 di Wayback Machine., London: The Guardian, 26 January 2009. Accessed: 14 August 2009.
• Mallen, Enrique On-Line Picasso Project – OPP.37:001.
• Martin, Russell. (2003). Picasso's War. London: Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN 978-0-7434-7863-2
• Martin, Russell. (2002) Picasso's War: The Destruction of Guernica and the Masterpiece that Changed the World (2002). On-line excerpts link Diarsipkan 2023-02-09 di Wayback Machine..
• Oppler, Ellen C. (ed). (1988). Picasso's Guernica (Norton Critical Studies in art History). New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95456-0
• PBS On-line supplement to "Treasures of the World" series, "Guernica: Testimony to War" Diarsipkan 2021-03-01 di Wayback Machine. with Guernica timeline Diarsipkan 2019-05-08 di Wayback Machine..
• Pisik, Betsy. (2003) "The Picasso Cover-Up". The Washington Times, 3 February 2003. Re-published at CommonDreams.org. Accessed: 14 August 2009
• Preston, Paul. (2007) "George Steer and Guernica." History Today 57 (2007): 12–19.
• Ray, Beverly. (2006) "Analyzing Political Art to Get at Historical Fact: Guernica and the Spanish Civil War". The Social Studies 97 (2006): 168–171.
• Richardson, John (2016) "A Different Guernica". The New York Review of Books, 12 May 2016, 63 (8): 4–6.
• Rubin, William, ed. (1980) Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0-87070-519-9
• Thomas, Gordon & Morgan-Witts, Max. (1975). The Day Guernica Died. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-19043-4
• Tóibín, Colm. (2006) "The art of war" Diarsipkan 2023-08-10 di Wayback Machine., London: The Guardian, 29 April 2006. Accessed: 14 August 2009.
• Witham, Larry (2013). Picasso and the chess player: Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and the battle for the soul of modern art. Hanover; London : University Press of New England. ISBN 9781611682533

Pranala luar

• Rethinking Guernica – "Museo Reina Sofía site with more than 2000 documents referenced and gigapixel image of the painting. Diarsipkan 2018-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
• Art Opposes Injustice! – Picasso's Guernica: For Life Diarsipkan 2013-05-27 di Wayback Machine. by Dorothy Koppelman
• 3-D Guernica, YouTube Diarsipkan 2023-02-23 di Wayback Machine.
• Guardian: Picasso's Guernica Battle Lives On Diarsipkan 2022-06-16 di Wayback Machine. 26 April 2007
• Guernica – Zoomable version. Diarsipkan 2018-06-15 di Wayback Machine.
• Picasso's "Secret" Guernica Diarsipkan 2023-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
• Socialist Worker: Guernica: Shock and Awe in Paint Diarsipkan 2015-09-24 di Wayback Machine. 24 April 2007
• The New Yorker: Spanish Lessons, Picasso in Madrid Diarsipkan 2014-04-04 di Wayback Machine. by Peter Schjeldahl, 19 June 2006
• X-ray Shows Picasso's Guernica Painting has Suffered a lot but is not in Danger Diarsipkan 2009-03-01 di Wayback Machine. Associated Press, 23 July 2008
• Guernica Remakings Diarsipkan 2023-06-02 di Wayback Machine. Website collating and analysing the activity of remaking versions the iconic painting.