Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)
partai politik di Jepang
Partai Demokrat Liberal Jepang (自由民主党, Jiyū-Minshutō), sering kali disingkat menjadi LDP atau Jimintō (自民党), adalah sebuah partai politik di Jepang yang berideologi konservatif.[36]
Partai Demokrat Liberal 自由民主党 atau 自民党 Jiyū-Minshutō atau Jimintō | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Singkatan | LDP |
| Presiden | Shigeru Ishiba |
| Wakil Presiden | Yoshihide Suga |
| Sekretaris Jenderal | Hiroshi Moriyama |
| Ketua di Dewan Penasihat | Masakazu Sekiguchi |
| Dibentuk | 15 November 1955 |
| Digabungkan dari | |
| Kantor pusat | 11-23, Nagatachō 1-chome, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8910, Jepang |
| Surat kabar | Jiyū Minshu[1] |
| Keanggotaan (2022) |  1,136,445[2] |
| Ideologi | Faksi: Ultranasionalisme[13][18][19] Konservatisme sosial[20][21][22] Liberalisme[23][24] |
| Posisi politik | Sayap kanan[25][a] |
| Warna | Merah[a][26] dan Hijau[b][27] |
| Himne | "われら"[28] ("We") |
| Anggota Dewan Penasihat | 113 / 245 |
| Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat | 285 / 465 |
| Anggota majelis prefektur[29] | 1.301 / 2.668 |
| Anggota majelis desa, kota, dan kotamadya[29] | 2.180 / 29.762 |
| Lambang pemilu | |
_Emblem.svg) | |
| Situs web | |
| jimin.jp | |
^ a: Partai Demokrat Liberal adalah sebuah partai tenda besar berideologi konservatif.[30][31] LDP juga dideskripsikan sebagai partai berporos kanan tengah,[32] tetapi LDP memiliki faksi berporos kanan jauh[33] dan ultrakonservatif,[34] dan banyak anggotanya merupakan bagian dari Nippon Kaigi, serta faksi-faksi yang lebih berporos ke politik sentris.[35] | |
LDP hampir terus-menerus berkuasa sejak didirikan pada tahun 1955—periode yang disebut Sistem 1955—dengan pengecualian antara periode tahun 1993 sampai 1994, dan lagi dari tahun 2009 sampai 2012. Pada pemilihan umum tahun 2012, LDP kembali memegang kendali atas pemerintahan. LDP merebut 285 kursi di majelis rendah dan 113 kursi di majelis tinggi, dan setelah berkoalisi dengan Komeito, mereka berhasil meraih status supermayoritas atau memiliki dua per tiga suara di kedua majelis tersebut. Selain Perdana Menteri Shinzo Abe, banyak anggota serta mantan menteri LDP juga menjadi bagian dari Nippon Kaigi, sebuah organisasi ultranasionalis dan pendukung sistem monarki.[18][37]
Sejarah
suntingTahun-tahun awal
sunting
LDP dibentuk pada tahun 1955 sebagai hasil merger antara dua partai politik di Jepang—yaitu Partai Liberal (自由党, Jiyutō, 1945–1955, yang dipimpin oleh Shigeru Yoshida) dan Partai Demokrat Jepang (日本民主党, Nihon Minshutō, 1954–1955, yang dipimpin oleh Ichirō Hatoyama)—yang masing-masing merupakan partai beraliran konservatif berporos sayap kanan, sebagai front terdepan untuk menghadapi partai yang populer pada saat itu, Partai Sosialis Jepang (日本社会党, Nipponshakaitō), sekarang menjadi Partai Demokrat Sosial (社会民主党, Shakaiminshutō). LDP memenangkan pemilihan umum yang berikutnya, dan mereka membentuk pemerintahan konservatif Jepang pertama dengan status mayoritas di parlemen pada tahun 1955. LDP akan terus mempertahankan status pemerintahan mayoritas mereka di parlemen sampai tahun 1993.
LDP mulai mereformasi hubungan Jepang di kancah internasional, dimulai dari masuknya Jepang ke Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, sampai menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan Uni Soviet. Para pemimpin LDP pada dekade tahun 1950-an juga menjadikan LDP sebagai partai utama pemerintahan, dan pada seluruh pemilihan umum dekade tahun 1950-an, LDP memenangkan suara mayoritas. Satu-satunya pihak oposisi berasal dari partai berporos politik sayap kiri, yang terdiri dari Partai Sosialis Jepang dan Partai Komunis Jepang.
Dari dekade tahun 1950-an sampai 1970-an, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dari Amerika Serikat menghabiskan jutaan dolar dalam rangka mempengaruhi pemilihan umum di Jepang agar bisa memberikan LDP keuntungan terhadap partai-partai berporos kiri seperti Partai Sosialis Jepang dan Partai Komunis Jepang,[38][39] meskipun fakta tersebut baru terungkap ketika The New York Times mengeksposnya pada pertengahan dekade tahun 1990-an.[40]
Struktur
suntingKepemimpinan
sunting| Posisi | Nama | Faksi |
|---|---|---|
| Presiden | Yoshihide Suga | Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyū-kai) |
| Deputi Pemimpin | Masahiko Kōmura | Asō (Shikō-kai) |
| Sekretaris Jenderal | Toshihiro Nikai | Nikai (Shisui-kai) |
| Wakil Sekretaris Jenderal | Kōichi Hagiuda | Hosoda |
| Deputi Sekretaris Jenderal | Motoo Hayashi | Asō |
| Katsutoshi Kaneda | Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyū-kai) | |
| Naoki Okada | Hosoda | |
| Ketua Dewan Penelitian Urusan Kebijakan | Fumio Kishida | Kishida (Kōchi-kai) |
| Ketua Komite Urusan Keuangan | Yūji Yamamoto | Ishiba (Suigetsu-kai) |
| Ketua Komite Kampanye Pemilihan Umum | Ryū Shionoya | Hosoda |
| Manajer Umum Organisasi Partai | Taimei Yamaguchi | Takeshita |
| Manajer Umum Hubungan Masyarakat | Takuya Hirai | Kishida |
| Ketua Komite Urusan Diet | Hiroshi Moriyama | Ishihara (Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyū-kai) |
| Ketua Penegak Partai | Akiko Santō | Asō |
| Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Umum | Hajime Funada | Takeshita |
| Ketua Dewan Urusan Umum | Wataru Takeshita | Takeshita |
| Ketua Dewan Umum Majelis Gabungan | Hidehisa Otsuji | Takeshita |
| Ketua Dewan Umum Majelis | Seiko Hashimoto | Hosoda |
| Sekretaris Jenderal Umum Majelis | Hiromi Yoshida | Takeshita |
| Ketua Dewan Urusan Kebijakan Majelis | Keizō Takemi | Asō |
| Ketua Komite Urusan Diet Majelis | Masakazu Sekiguchi | Takeshita |
| Direktur Sekolah Lulusan Politik Pusat | Takeshi Iwaya | Asō |
Faksi
suntingFaksi saat ini dalam PDL termasuk:
- Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai (dipimpin oleh kepemimpinan bersama)
- Shikoukai (dipimpin oleh Taro Aso)
- Heisei Kenkyūkai (dipimpin oleh Toshimitsu Motegi)
- Kouchikai (dipimpin oleh Fumio Kishida)
- Shisuikai (dipimpin oleh Toshihiro Nikai)
- Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyūkai (dipimpin oleh Hiroshi Moriyama)
- Suigetsukai (dipimpin oleh Shigeru Ishiba)
Keanggotaan
suntingLDP memiliki lebih dari lima juta anggota partai pada tahun 1990. Hingga bulan Desember 2017, keanggotaan partai menurun menjadi sekitar satu juta anggota.[41]
Presiden
suntingTerkecuali Yohei Kono dan Sadakazu Tanigaki, setiap Presiden LDP (自由民主党総裁, Jiyū-Minshutō Sōsai)[42] pernah menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Jepang.
| No. | Nama | Periode jabatan | Hasil pemilihan | Foto | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mulai | Selesai | ||||
| Partai pendahulu: Partai Demokrat (1954) & Partai Liberal (1950) | |||||
| Komite Kepemimpinan Sementara | |||||
| – | Ichirō Hatoyama | 15 November 1955 | 5 April 1956 | Komite Kepemimpinan Sementara | 
|
| Bukichi Miki | 
| ||||
| Banboku Oono | |||||
| Taketora Ogata | 28 Januari 1956 | 
| |||
| Tsuruhei Matsuno | 10 Februari 1956 | 5 April 1956 | |||
| Pemimpin | |||||
| 1 | Ichirō Hatoyama | 5 April 1956 | 14 Desember 1956 |
Ichirō Hatoyama – 394 Nobusuke Kishi – 4 Lainnya – 15 |
|
| 2 | Tanzan Ishibashi | 14 Desember 1956 | 21 Maret 1957 | Putaran 1
Nobusuke Kishi – 223 Tanzan Ishibashi – 151 Mitsujiro Ishii – 137 Putaran 2
Tanzan Ishibashi – 258 Nobusuke Kishi – 251 |
|
| 3 | Nobusuke Kishi | 21 Maret 1957 | 14 Juli 1960 | 1957
Nobusuke Kishi – 471 Kenzō Matsumura – 2 Tokutaro Kitamura – 1 Mitsujirō Ishii – 1 1959
Nobusuke Kishi – 320 Kenzō Matsumura – 166 Lainnya – 5 |
|
| 4 | Hayato Ikeda | 14 Juli 1960 | 1 Desember 1964 | Putaran 1 1960
Hayato Ikeda – 246 Mitsujirō Ishii – 194 Aiichirō Fujiyama – 49 Lainnya – 7 Putaran 2 1960
Hayato Ikeda – 302 Mitsujirō Ishii – 194 1962
Hayato Ikeda – 391 Eisaku Satō – 17 Lainnya – 20 Juli 1964
Hayato Ikeda – 242 Eisaku Satō – 160 Aiichirō Fujiyama – 72 Hirokichi Nadao – 1 |
|
| 5 | Eisaku Satō | 1 Desember 1964 | 5 Juli 1972 | November 1964
Eisaku Satō –  Aiichirō Fujiyama –  Ichirō Kōno – 1966
Eisaku Satō – 289 Aiichirō Fujiyama – 89 Shigesaburō Maeo – 47 Hirokichi Nadao – 11 Uichi Noda – 9 Lainnya – 5 1968
Eisaku Satō – 249 Takeo Miki – 107 Shigesaburō Maeo – 95 Lainnya – 25 1970
Eisaku Satō – 353 Takeo Miki – 111 Lainnya – 3 |
|
| 6 | Kakuei Tanaka | 5 Juli 1972 | 4 Desember 1974 |
Tanaka Kakuei – 282 Takeo Fukuda – 180 |
|
| 7 | Takeo Miki | 4 Desember 1974 | 23 Desember 1976 | 1974
Takeo Miki – Takeo Fukuda – Masayoshi Ōhira – Yasuhiro Nakasone – |
|
| 8 | Takeo Fukuda | 23 Desember 1976 | 1 Desember 1978 | 1976
Takeo Fukuda – Masayoshi Ōhira – |
|
| 9 | Masayoshi Ōhira (Died in office) |
1 Desember 1978 | 12 Juni 1980 | Putaran 1
Masayoshi Ōhira – 748 Fukuda Takeo – 638 Yasuhiro Nakasone – 93 Toshio Kōmoto – 46 Putaran 2
Tanpa lawan |
|
| — | Eiichi Nishimura | 12 Juni 1980 | 15 Juli 1980 | Pejabat sementara | 
|
| 10 | Zenkō Suzuki | 15 Juli 1980 | 25 November 1982 | Putaran 1
Zenko Suzuki – Kiichi Miyazawa – Yasuhiro Nakasone – Toshio Kōmoto – Putaran 2
Tanpa lawan |
|
| 11 | Yasuhiro Nakasone | 25 November 1982 | 31 Oktober 1987 | Putaran 1 1982
Yasuhiro Nakasone – 57.6% (559,673) Toshio Kōmoto – 27.2% (265,078) Shintarō Abe – 8.2% (80,443) Ichirō Nakagawa – 6.8% (66,041) Putaran 2 1982
Tanpa lawan 1984
Mundur tanpa menentang 1986
1-year Extension |
|
| 12 | Noboru Takeshita | 31 Oktober 1987 | 2 Juni 1989 | 1987
Noboru Takeshita – Shintarō Abe – Kiichi Miyazawa – |
|
| 13 | Sōsuke Uno | 2 Juni 1989 | 8 Agustus 1989 | 1989
Sōsuke Uno – Masayoshi Itō – |
|
| 14 | Toshiki Kaifu | 8 Agustus 1989 | 30 Oktober 1991 | Putaran 1
Toshiki Kaifu – 279 Yoshirō Hayashi – 120 Shintarō Ishihara – 48 Putaran 2
Tanpa lawan |
|
| 15 | Kiichi Miyazawa | 31 Oktober 1991 | 29 Juli 1993 |
Kiichi Miyazawa – 285 Michio Wantanabe – 120 Hiroshi Mitsuzuka – 87 |
|
| 16 | Yōhei Kōno | 29 Juli 1993 | 1 Oktober 1995 | Putaran 1
Yōhei Kōno – 208 Michio Wantanabe – 159 Putaran 2
Tanpa lawan |
|
| 17 | Ryutaro Hashimoto | 1 Oktober 1995 | 24 Juli 1998 | 1995
Ryutaro Hashimoto – 304 Junichiro Koizumi – 87 1997
Mundur tanpa menentang |
|
| 18 | Keizō Obuchi | 24 Juli 1998 | 5 April 2000 | 1998
Keizō Obuchi – 225 Seiroku Kajiyama – 102 Junichiro Koizumi – 84 1999
Keizō Obuchi – 350 Koichi Kato – 113 Taku Yamasaki – 51 |
|
| 19 | Yoshirō Mori | 5 April 2000 | 24 April 2001 | 2000
Yoshirō Mori – Mikio Aoki – Masakuni Murakami – Hiromu Nonaka – Shizuka Kamei – |
|
| 20 | Junichiro Koizumi | 24 April 2001 | 20 September 2006 | Putaran 1 2001
Junichiro Koizumi – 298 Ryutaro Hashimoto – 155 Tarō Asō – 31 Putaran 2 2001
Tanpa lawan 2003 |
|
| 21 | Shinzo Abe | 20 September 2006 | 26 September 2007 |
Shinzo Abe – 464 Tarō Asō – 136 Sadakazu Tanigaki – 102 |
|
| 22 | Yasuo Fukuda | 26 September 2007 | 22 September 2008 |
Yasuo Fukuda – 330 Tarō Asō – 197 |
|
| 23 | Tarō Asō | 22 September 2008 | 16 September 2009 | 
| |
| 24 | Sadakazu Tanigaki | 28 September 2009 | 26 September 2012 | 
| |
| 21 | Shinzo Abe | 26 September 2012 | September 2020 | Putaran 1 2012
Shinzo Abe – 464 Shigeru Ishiba – 199 Nobuteru Ishihara – 96 Nobutaka Machimura 34 Yoshimasa Hayashi – 27 Putaran 2 2012
Shinzo Abe – 108 Shigeru Ishiba – 89 2015
Mundur tanpa menentang
Shinzo Abe – 553 Shigeru Ishiba – 254 |
|
| 25 | Yoshihide Suga | 14 September 2020 | 30 September 2021 |
Yoshihide Suga – 377 Fumio Kishida – 89 Shigeru Ishiba – 68 |
|
| 26 | Fumio Kishida | 30 September 2021 | Petahana | Putaran 1 2021 Fumio Kishida – 257 Taro Kono – 170 |
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|
Lihat pula
sunting
Catatan
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ 機関紙誌のご案内. Liberal Democratic Party.
- ^ https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP316SBSP31UTFK024.html?iref=sp_ss_date_article. The Nihon Keizai Shinbun. 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Japan's leaders, less apologetic, stay tough in S. Korea feud". Asahi Shimbun. 8 Agustus 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-21. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020.
Two years later, then-Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, a socialist who led a coalition with the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, made a "heartfelt apology" for suffering caused by Japan's "colonial rule and aggression."
- ^ "Abe faces major election hurdle in bid to amend Constitution". Mainichi Shimbun. 8 Januari 2019. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020.
... he should venture to dissolve the House of Representatives for a snap general election to coincide with the upper house poll," said a conservative LDP legislator.
- ^ "Japan readies for July 21 upper house election as PM recalls past defeat". Reuters. 26 Juni 2019. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020.
He was referring to events that unfolded after his conservative LDP suffered a huge defeat in a 2007 upper house poll. Two months later, Abe quit as premier after just one year.
- ^ McCurry, Justin (6 Maret 2020). "Japan prefecture to stop hiring female 'tea squad' for meetings". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.
But Nobuaki Kojima, who heads the conservative Liberal Democratic party group in the assembly, said the change was also a recognition of changing attitudes towards women in the workplace.
- ^ "Japan ministers Yuko Obuchi and Midori Matsushima quit". BBC News. 20 Oktober 2014. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.
Mr Abe said he took responsibility for having appointed both women, and that they would be replaced within a day. Both are members of his governing conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
- ^ "Poll finds nearly two-thirds oppose passage of casino bill; Cabinet's approval rating falls to 43.4%". The Japan Times. 23 Juli 2018. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.
The telephone poll conducted by Kyodo News over the weekend found that 64.8 percent of respondents opposed the legislation and 27.6 percent supported it. The Diet, dominated by the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, passed the bill on Friday despite stiff resistance from opposition parties.
- ^ Newlands, Peter (16 Desember 2012). "Conservatives win by a landslide in Japanese general election". The Times. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.
Exit polls indicated that the conservative Liberal Democratic party has been returned to office after winning almost 300 seats in the lower house, which has 480 members. The new prime minister will be Shinzo Abe, a hawkish former prime minister, who is expected to revise the country’s pacifist constitution.
[The] conservative Liberal Democratic party in Japan won back power in an election landslide today, returning Shinzo Abe, a former prime minister. - ^ "The Resurgence of Japanese Nationalism (the Globalist)". 22 Juli 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 Agustus 2016. Diakses tanggal 11 Juli 2016.
- ^ "As Hiroshima's legacy fades, Japan's postwar pacifism is fraying". The Conversation UK. 6 Agustus 2015. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020.
Even though much of the Japanese public does not agree with the LDP’s nationalist platform, the party won big electoral victories by promising to replace the DPJ's weakness with strong leadership – particularly on the economy, but also in foreign affairs.
- ^ a b "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 Juni 2018.
In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
- ^ a b "Shinzo Abe and the rise of Japanese nationalism". New Statesman. 15 Mei 2019. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020.
As a new emperor takes the throne, prime minister Abe is consolidating his ultranationalist “beautiful Japan” project. But can he overcome a falling population and stagnating economy?
- ^ Weiss, Andrew (31 Mei 2018). "Towards a Beautiful Japan: Right-Wing Religious Nationalism in Japan's LDP". Council on East Asian Studies. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2020.
- ^ Lindgren, Petter (2012). "The Era of Koizumi's Right-Wing Populism" (PDF). University of Oslo.
- ^ Ganesan (2015). Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. hlm. 67.
- ^ Hebert (2011). Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 44.
- ^ a b "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 16 Juli 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 13 Agustus 2019.
The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP’s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
- ^ "Abe's cabinet reshuffle". East Asia Forum. 14 September 2019.
Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamablogs.wsj.com - ^ "Shinzo Abe? That's Not His Name, Says Japan's Foreign Minister". The New York Times. 22 Mei 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 Februari 2020.
- ^ "Japan's capricious response to coronavirus could dent its international reputation". The Conversation. 24 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2020.
- ^ 今さら聞けない?! 「保守」「リベラル」ってなんだ？ [Can't you ask about them now ?! What are "conservative" and "liberal"?] (dalam bahasa Jepang). Diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2020.
ところが、現実の政治はもっと複雑です。自民党にもリベラル派がたくさんいるからです。自民党は考え方の近い人たちが派閥というグループをつくっています。(However, real politics is more complicated. This is because there are many liberals in the LDP. The Liberal Democratic Party is made up of groups of people with similar ideas, called factions.)
- ^ 岸田派の政策、リベラル色前面に 安倍政権との違い強調 [Kishida faction's policy emphasizes the difference from the Abe administration on the liberal front]. Asahi Shimbun (dalam bahasa Jepang).
「トップダウンからボトムアップへ」「多様性を尊重する社会へ」など、リベラル色を前面に掲げ、安倍政権との違いを強調した。(He emphasized the differences from the Abe administration by putting liberal colors in the foreground, such as "from top-down to bottom-up" and "to a society that respects diversity".)
- ^
- "Unwelcome Change – A Cabinet Reshuffle Poses Risks For Japan's Ties with Neighbors". The Economist. 30 Agustus 2014.
- "In a Major Shift, South Korea Defies Its Alliance With Japan". The Nation. 27 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 Februari 2020.
- Carroll, William E. (2014). "Far Right Parties and Movements in Europe, Japan, and the Tea Party in the U.S.: A Comparative Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Power, Politics & Governance. American Research Institute for Policy Development.
- Wexler, Kate (2020). "The Power of Politics: How Right-Wing Political Parties Shifted Japanese Strategic Culture". International Affairs Program (University of Colorado, Boulder).
- Alexander, Arthur (Juni 2018). "Expert Voices on Japan: Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations" (PDF). Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.
- Morris-Suzuki, ed. (2013). Showa: An Inside History of Hirohito's Japan. A&C Black. hlm. 303.
- Nozaki, Yoshiko, ed. (2008). War Memory, Nationalism and Education in Postwar Japan: The Japanese History Textbook Controversy and Ienaga Saburo's Court Challenges (Routledge Contemporary Japan). Routledge.
- Lewis, Michael, ed. (2016). 'History Wars' and Reconciliation in Japan and Korea: The Roles of Historians, Artists and Activists. Springer.
- Hagström, Linus, ed. (2005). Japan's China Policy: A Relational Power Analysis. Routledge.
- ^ 日本に定着するか、政党のカラー [Will the colors of political parties settle in Japan?]. The Nikkei (dalam bahasa Jepang). Nikkei, Inc. 21 October 2017. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2021.
- ^ 日本に定着するか、政党のカラー. Nikkei, Inc. (dalam bahasa Jepang). 21 Oktober 2017. Diakses tanggal 26 Oktober 2019.
- ^ 党歌・シンボル. jimin.jp. Diakses tanggal 3 September 2018.
- ^ a b Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities: Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2019
- ^ Ellington, Lucien, ed. (2009). Japan. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 81.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaHookGilson20012 - ^
- Ludger, Helms (2013). Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies. Routledge. hlm. 97. ISBN 978-1-317-97031-6.
- "Overseas Business Risk - Japan". GOV.UK. 31 Januari 2018. Diakses tanggal 12 Juni 2019.
- Blanpain, Roger; Tiraboschi, Michele (2008). The Global Labour Market:From Globalization to Flexicurity. Kluwer Law International. hlm. 268. ISBN 978-90-411-2722-8.
- Henderson, William Goodwin; Aurelio (2011). East Asian Transformation:On the Political Economy of Dynamism, Governance and Crisis. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 54. ISBN 978-1-136-84113-2.
- Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek (2005). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. hlm. 236. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9.
- "Japan is having an election next month. Here's why it matters". Vox. 28 September 2017. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020.
Abe’s center-right Liberal Democratic Party (LDP),
- ^
- "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 Juni 2018.
In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
- "The Dangerous Impact of the Far-Right in Japan". Washington Square News. 15 April 2019.
Another sign of the rise of the uyoku dantai’s ideas is the growing power of the Nippon Kaigi. The organization is the largest far-right group in Japan and has heavy lobbying clout with the conservative LDP; 18 of the 20 members of Shinzo Abe’s cabinet were once members of the group.
- Yee, Wesley (Januari 2018). "Making Japan Great Again: Japan's Liberal Democratic Party as a Far Right Movement". The University of San Francisco.
- "Japan's ruling party under fire over links to far-right extremists". The Guardian. 13 Oktober 2014.
- "For Abe, it will always be about the Constitution". The Japan Times. 4 Juli 2016. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020.
Of those three victories, the first election in December 2012 was a rout of the leftist Democratic Party of Japan and it thrust the more powerful Lower House of Parliament firmly into the hands of the long-incumbent Liberal Democratic Party under Abe. The second election in December 2014 further normalized Japan’s lurch to the far right, giving the ruling coalition a supermajority of 2/3 of the seats in the Lower House.
- "Shinzo Abe? That's Not His Name, Says Japan's Foreign Minister". The New York Times. 22 Mei 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 Februari 2020.
Mr. Abe is strongly supported by the far right wing of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, which hews to tradition and tends toward insularity.
- Gaunder, Alisa, ed. (2011). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 225.
- New Statesman Society. Statesman & Nation Publishing Company. 1995. hlm. 11.
- Searchlight, Issues 307-318. Searchlight. 2001. hlm. 31.
- Asia Pacific Business Travel Guide. Priory Publications (Cornell University). 1994. hlm. 173.
- Trevor Harrison, ed. (2007). 21st century Japan: a new sun rising l Politics in Postwar Japan. Black Rose Books. hlm. 82.
... of the war and viewed the 1947 Constitution as illegitimate as it was written not by the Japanese people but forced upon the country by the U.S. Occupation Authority. Abe shares these beliefs, in common with many within the LDP's far right.
- Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Atomic Scientists of Chicago. 1983. hlm. 14.
... 12 Seirankai: an extreme-right faction formed within the LDP in July 1973; after Kim Dae Jung was abducted from ...
- David M. O'Brien, Yasuo goshi, ed. (1996). To Dream of Dreams: Religious Freedom and Constitutional Politics in Postwar Japan. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 63.
- J. A. A. Stockwin, ed. (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. hlm. 88.
- "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 Juni 2018.
- ^
- "Japan is having an election next month. Here's why it matters". The Japan Times. 22 November 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020.
When Abe appointed five female ministers in September, two of which were forced to step down over scandals, a number of political commentators viewed the move with some cynicism, suggesting that the prime minister didn’t pay much attention to the qualifications of the candidates. Most of the women he chose were ultra-conservatives such as Eriko Yamatani, minister in charge of the North Korea abductee issue.
- "Japan, led by less apologetic generation, stays tough in South Korea feud". Reuters. 8 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020.
Electoral system changes and three years in opposition helped ultra-conservative lawmakers and lobby groups strengthen their clout in the LDP.
- "Japan is having an election next month. Here's why it matters". The Japan Times. 22 November 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020.
- ^
- "Portrait of Japan's main political parties". 17 Desember 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2020.
A union of centrist and rightwing parties created with US support after the second world war
- "Freedom house 2016 Japan". Freedom house. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-08-12. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-02.
The LDP is a broad party whose members share a commitment to economic growth and free trade, but whose other political beliefs span from the center to the far right.
- "Portrait of Japan's main political parties". 17 Desember 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2020.
- ^ Partai Demokrat Liberal secara luas dianggap memiliki ideologi konservatif:
- Blanpain, Roger; Tiraboschi, Michele; Ortiz, Pablo Arellano (2008). The Global Labour Market: From Globalization to Flexicurity. Kluwer Law International. hlm. 268. ISBN 978-90-411-2722-8.
- Kingston, Jeff (2011). Japan in Transformation, 1945-2010. Routledge. hlm. 19. ISBN 978-1-317-86192-8.
- Richardson, Bradley (2001). "Japan's "1955 System" and Beyond". Dalam Diamond, Larry; Gunther, Richard. Political Parties and Democracy. JHU Press. hlm. 145. ISBN 978-0-8018-6863-4.
- Zagorski, Paul W. (2009). Comparative Politics: Continuity and Breakdown in the Contemporary World. Routledge. hlm. 111. ISBN 978-1-135-96979-0.
- Christensen, Ray (2000). Ending the LDP Hegemony: Party Cooperation in Japan
. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 232. ISBN 978-0-8248-2295-8.
- ^ "Tea Party Politics in Japan". The New York Times. 13 September 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 Agustus 2016.
- ^ Weiner, Tim (9 Oktober 1994). "C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2007.
- ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. XXIX, Part 2, Japan". Departemen Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat. 18 Juli 2006. Diakses tanggal 29 Desember 2007.
- ^ Johnson, Chalmers (Juli 1995). "The 1955 System and the American Connection: A Bibliographic Introduction" (Working Paper) (11). Japan Policy Research Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-03.
- ^ "役員会後 二階幹事長記者会見" (Siaran pers). Liberal Democratic Party. 5 Maret 2018.
- ^ "The President". Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2020.
Bibliografi
sunting- Helms, Ludger (2013). Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-1-31797-031-6.
- Henderson, Jeffrey (2011). East Asian Transformation: On the Political Economy of Dynamism, Governance and Crisis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13684-113-2.
- Köllner, Patrick. "The Liberal Democratic Party at 50: Sources of Dominance and Changes in the Koizumi Era," Social Science Japan Journal (Oct 2006) 9#2 pp 243–257.
- Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen. "The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party," Journal of Asian Studies (2010) 69#1 pp 5–15, focuses on the 2009 election.
- Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen, eds. The Rise and Fall of Japan's LDP: Political Party Organizations as Historical Institutions (Cornell University Press; 2010) 344 pages; essays by scholars
- Scheiner, Ethan. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
Pranala luar
sunting
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