Partai Komunis Amerika Serikat
partai politik di Amerika Serikat
Partai Komunis Amerika Serikat atau Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA)[5] adalah partai komunis di Amerika Serikat yang didirikan tahun 1919 setelah pecah dari Partai Sosialis Amerika.[6]
Communist Party of the United States of America | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ketua umum | John Bachtell |
| Dibentuk | 1919 |
| Kantor pusat | 235 W. 23rd Street, New York City, New York, 10011 |
| Surat kabar | People's World |
| Sayap pemuda | Young Communist League (1920–2015) |
| Keanggotaan |  ±5.000[1] |
| Ideologi | Sosialisme konvensi hak asasi manusia[2] Komunisme[3] Marxisme–Leninisme[3] |
| Posisi politik | Kiri jauh[4] |
| Afiliasi internasional | Pertemuan Partai Komunis dan Buruh Internasional |
| Warna | Merah |
| Situs web | |
| cpusa | |
CPUSA memiliki sejarah panjang dan rumit yang berkaitan erat dengan gerakan buruh Amerika Serikat dan sejarah partai komunis di seluruh dunia. Partai ini memiliki pengaruh besar dalam politik Amerika Serikat pada paruh pertama abad ke-20 dan berperan penting dalam gerakan buruh tahun 1920-an sampai 1940-an. Partai ini kemudian dikenal karena menentang rasisme dan segregasi ras. Jumlah anggotanya naik saat Depresi Besar, tetapi ditutup tidak lama kemudian karena beberapa faktor seperti Ketakutan Merah kedua dan pengaruh McCarthyisme. Selain itu, dukungan CPUSA terhadap Uni Soviet menjauhkan partai ini dari seluruh sayap kiri di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1960-an.
CPUSA mendapat sumbangan besar dari Uni Soviet dan menyesuaikan sikap publiknya dengan sikap Soviet.[7] CPUSA juga memiliki agen rahasia untuk membantu agen Soviet melakukan aktivitas mata-mata di Amerika Serikat dan memanfaatkan sejumlah organisasi kedok untuk mengubah opini masyarakat.[8]
CPUSA menolak glastnost dan perestroika di Uni Soviet. Atas sikap ini, Partai Komunis Uni Soviet menghentikan sumbangan kepada CPUSA pada tahun 1989. Partai ini sampai sekarang masih berideologi Marxisme–Leninisme.
Calon presiden Amerika Serikat
sunting| Tahun | Presiden | Wakil Presiden | Suara | Persen | Nama |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1924 | William Z. Foster | Benjamin Gitlow | 38,669 | 0.13% | Partai Pekerja Amerika |
| 1928 | William Z. Foster | Benjamin Gitlow | 48,551 | 0.13% | Partai Pekerja (Komunis) Amerika |
| 1932 | William Z. Foster | James W. Ford | 103,307 | 0.26% | Partai Komunis Amerika Serikat |
| 1936 | Earl Browder | James W. Ford | 79,315 | 0.17% | |
| 1940 | Earl Browder | James W. Ford | 48,557 | 0.10% | |
| 1948 | Tidak ada; mendukung Henry Wallace | Tidak ada; mendukung Glen H. Taylor | N/A | ||
| 1952 | Tidak ada; mendukung Vincent Hallinan | Tidak ada; mendukung Charlotta Bass | |||
| 1968 | Charlene Mitchell | Michael Zagarell | 1,077 | 0.00% | |
| 1972 | Gus Hall | Jarvis Tyner | 25,597 | 0.03% | |
| 1976 | Gus Hall | Jarvis Tyner | 58,709 | 0.07% | |
| 1980 | Gus Hall | Angela Davis | 44,933 | 0.05% | |
| 1984 | Gus Hall | Angela Davis | 36,386 | 0.04% | |
- Menurut situs web partai: "Partai Komunis tidak mendukung calon dari partai lain, tetapi kami turut mendorong masyarakat menggunakan hak pilihnya di pemilihan umum".
Petinggi partai
sunting| Nama | Periode | Jabatan |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Ruthenberg[9] | 1919–1927 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA lama (1919–1920); Sekretaris Eksekutif WPA/W(C)P (Mei 1922 – 1927) |
| Alfred Wagenknecht | 1919–1921 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CLP (1919–1920); UCP (1920–1921) |
| Charles Dirba | 1920–1921 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA lama (1920–1921); CPA bersatu (30 Mei 1921 – 27 Juli 1921) |
| Louis Shapiro | 1920 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA lama |
| L.E. Katterfeld | 1921 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA bersatu |
| William Weinstone | 1921–1922 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA bersatu |
| Jay Lovestone | 1922; 1927–1929 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA bersatu (22 Februari 1922 – 22 Agustus 1922); W(C)P/CPUSA (1927–1929) |
| James P. Cannon[10] | 1921–1922 | Ketua Nasional WPA |
| Caleb Harrison | 1921–1922 | Sekretaris Eksekutif WPA |
| Abram Jakira | 1922–1923 | Sekretaris Eksekutif CPA bersatu |
| William Z. Foster[11] | 1929–1934; 1945–1957 | Ketua Partai |
| Earl Browder | 1934–1945 | Ketua Partai |
| Eugene Dennis | 1945–1959 | Sekretaris Umum |
| Gus Hall | 1959–2000 | Sekretaris Umum |
| Sam Webb | 2000–2014 | Ketua |
| John Bachtell | 2014–sekarang | Ketua |
Lihat juga
suntingCatatan kaki
sunting- ^ Pecinovsky, Tony (February 21, 2017). "Trump sparks communist growth surge". CPUSA Online.
- ^ "Bill of Rights Socialism". CPUSA Online. May 1, 2016. Diakses tanggal October 30, 2017.
- ^ a b "CPUSA Constitution". CPUSA Online. September 20, 2001. Diakses tanggal October 30, 2017.
- ^ Pierard, Richard (1998). "American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists, & Others. By John George and Laird Wilcox. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Press, 1996. 443 pp. $18.95". Journal of Church and State. Oxford Journals. 40 (4): 912–913. doi:10.1093/jcs/40.4.912. Diakses tanggal October 30, 2017.
- ^ "The name of this organization shall be the Communist Party of the United States of America.. Art. I of the "Constitution of the Communist Party of the United States of America".
- ^ Constitution of the Communist Party USA. CPUSA Online. 2001.
- ^ Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill M. Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism, Yale University Press (1998); ISBN 0-300-07150-7; p. 148.
- ^ Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Kyrill M. Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism, Yale University Press (1998); ISBN 0-300-07150-7; p. 74.
- ^ "C. E. Ruthenberg Page".
- ^ "The James P. Cannon Library".
- ^ "William Z. Foster" Diarsipkan 2019-02-23 di Wayback Machine..
Bacaan lanjutan
sunting- Arnesen, Eric, "Civil Rights and the Cold War at Home: Postwar Activism, Anticommunism, and the Decline of the Left", American Communist History (2012), 11#1 pp 5–44.
- Draper, Theodore, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking, 1957.
- Draper, Theodore, American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Period. New York: Viking, 1960.
- Draper, Theodore, The Roots of American Communism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (Originally published by Viking Press in 1957). ISBN 0-7658-0513-8.
- Howe, Irving and Lewis Coser, The American Communist Party: A Critical History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.
- Isserman, Maurice, Which Side Were You On?: The American Communist Party During the Second World War. Wesleyan University Press, 1982 and 1987.
- Jaffe, Philip J., Rise and Fall of American Communism. Horizon Press, 1975.
- Klehr, Harvey. The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade, Basic Books, 1984.
- Klehr, Harvey and Haynes, John Earl, The American Communist Movement: Storming Heaven Itself, Twayne Publishers (Macmillan), 1992.
- Klehr, Harvey, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov. The Secret World of American Communism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Klehr, Harvey, Kyrill M. Anderson, and John Earl Haynes. The Soviet World of American Communism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
- Lewy, Guenter, The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- McDuffie, Erik S., Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011
- Ottanelli, Fraser M., The Communist Party of the United States: From the Depression to World War II. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991.
- Palmer, Bryan, James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890–1928. Urbana, IL: Illinois University Press, 2007.
- Service, Robert. Comrades!: a history of world communism (2007).
- Shannon, David A., The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party of the United States since 1945. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1959.
- Starobin, Joseph R., American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
- Zumoff, Jacob A. The Communist International and US Communism, 1919-1929. [2014] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.
- Note: the number of articles, pamphlets and books directly or tangentially relating to communism in the United States and the CPUSA is vast, numbering into the thousands of titles. For a selection of the most important titles, see bibliography on American Communism.
Arsip
sunting- "Communist Party of the United States of America Records". Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. New York University. 1892-2009.
- "Communist Party of the United States of America Records" Diarsipkan 2014-02-23 di Wayback Machine.. 1956–1960. 100 items.
- "Communist Party of the United States of America, Washington State District Records" Diarsipkan 2010-07-05 di Wayback Machine.. 1919–2003. 8.93 cubic feet (12 boxes).
- "Marion S. Kinney Papers" Diarsipkan 2014-02-23 di Wayback Machine.. Circa 1941–1981. 18 cubic feet and 1 sound tape reel.
- "The Radical Pamphlet Collection". The Library of Congress has materials from the Communist Party USA.
Pranala luar
sunting
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Communist Party USA.
- Communist Party Votes by States and Counties 1922-1946 – peta kekuatan partai, jumlah suara untuk partai dan calon di setiap county dan pemilu sejak 1922 sampai 1946
- CPUSA website – termasuk koleksi tanya-jawab Diarsipkan 2009-06-18 di Wayback Machine.
- Young Communist League USA – kelompok pemuda
- People's World – surat kabar mingguan
- The Communist – sebagian arsip tahun 1927–1944
- Houston, Texas Communist Party USA Diarsipkan 2015-11-19 di Wayback Machine. – cabang partai
- Early American Marxism – koleksi dokumen sumber primer (1919–1946)
- Communism in Washington State History and Memory Project Diarsipkan 2012-10-11 di Wayback Machine.
- Manifesto and program. Constitution. Report to the Communist International – pamflet pertama Partai Komunis Amerika Serikat
- Manifesto to the workers of America
- Berkas FBI tentang CPUSA di Internet Archive