Peperangan biologis

Peperangan biologis adalah penggunaan toksin biologi atau agen infeksius seperti bakteri, virus, dan jamur dengan tujuan membunuh atau melumpuhkan daya tahan manusia, hewan atau tumbuhan sebagai sebuah tindakan perang. Senjata biologis (sering disebut "bio-senjata", "agen ancaman biologis", atau "bio-agen") adalah organisme hidup atau entitas yang direplikasi (virus, yang secara universal tidak dianggap "hidup") yang mereproduksi atau mereplikasi dalam korban-korban mereka. Perang entomologi (serangga) juga dianggap jenis senjata biologis. Jenis perang ini berbeda dari perang nuklir dan perang kimia, yang bersama dengan peperangan biologis disebut, NBC, akronim militer dari perang nuklir, biologi, dan chemical (bahasa Indonesia: kimia) menggunakan senjata pemusnah massal. Tidak ada senjata tersebut yang menjadi senjata konvensional, yang utamanya dikembangkan untuk potensi ledak, kinetik atau insendiari mereka.

Senjata biologis dipakai dalam berbagai cara untuk meraih kemajuan strategis atau taktikal terhadap musuh, baik melalui ancaman atau penggunaan sebenarnya. Seperti beberapa senjata kimia, senjata biologis juga digunakan sebagai senjata penyangkalan kawasan.

Referensi

Chevrier, Marie Isabelle; Chomiczewski, Krzysztof; Garrigue, Henri, ed. (2004). The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001. Volume 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (edisi ke-illustrated). Springer. ISBN 140202097X. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J., ed. (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction. Jeffrey A. Larsen, Managing Editor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851094903. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.

Bacaan tambahan

Alibek, K. and S. Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World– Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. Delta (2000) ISBN 0-385-33496-6
Appel, J. M. Is all fair in biological warfare? The controversy over genetically engineered biological weapons, Journal of Medical Ethics, Volume 35, pp. 429–432 (2009).
Crosby, Alfred W., Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (New York, 1986).
Cross, Glenn. Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980. Helion & Company (2017) ISBN 978-1-911512-12-7
Dembek, Zygmunt (editor), Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare Diarsipkan 2012-08-27 di Wayback Machine.; Washington, DC: Borden Institute (2007).
Endicott, Stephen and Edward Hagerman, The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea, Indiana University Press (1998). ISBN 0-253-33472-1
Fenn, Elizabeth A. (2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst". Journal of American History. 86 (4): 1552–1580. doi:10.2307/2567577. JSTOR 2567577.
Keith, Jim (1999). Biowarfare In America. Illuminet Press. ISBN 1-881532-21-6
Knollenberg, Bernhard, "General Amherst and Germ Warfare," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1954), 41#3 489–494. British war against Indians in 1763 in JSTOR
Leitenberg, Milton, and Raymond A. Zilinskas. The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History (Harvard University Press, 2012) 921 pp
Mangold, Tom & Goldberg, Jeff (1999). Plague Wars: a true story of biological warfare. Macmillan, London. ISBN 0-333-71614-0
Maskiell, Michelle, and Adrienne Mayor. "Killer Khilats: Legends of Poisoned Robes of Honour in India. Parts 1 & 2." Folklore [London] 112 (Spring and Fall 2001): 23–45, 163–82.
Mayor, Adrienne, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Overlook, 2003, rev. ed. 2009. ISBN 1-58567-348-X.
Orent, Wendy (2004). Plague, The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's Most Dangerous Disease. Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 0-7432-3685-8
Pala, Christopher (19??), Anthrax Island
Preston, Richard (2002), The Demon in the Freezer, New York: Random House.
Rózsa, Lajos (2009). "The motivation for biological aggression is an inherent and common aspect of the human behavioural repertoire" (PDF). Medical Hypotheses. 72: 217–219. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.047. PMID 19006651.
Warner, Jerry; Ramsbotham, James; Tunia, Ewelina; Vadez, James J. (May 2011). Analysis of the Threat of Genetically Modified Organisms for Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: National Defense University. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015.
Woods, Lt Col Jon B. (ed.), USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 6th edition, U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland (April 2005).
Zelicoff, Alan & Bellomo, Michael (2005). Microbe: Are we Ready for the Next Plague?. AMACOM Books, New York, NY. ISBN 0-8144-0865-6

Pranala luar

Biological weapons and international humanitarian law, ICRC
WHO: Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons
"Biological Warfare". National Library of Medicine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-04-26. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-28.
U.S Army site Diarsipkan 2016-06-05 di Wayback Machine.