Qatna

Qatna
	Citra Qatna dari satelit
	Lokasi di Syria
Nama alternatif	Tell el-Mishrife; تل المشرفة
Lokasi	al-Mishrifeh, Kegubernuran Homs, Suriah
Koordinat	34°50′06″N 36°51′57″E / 34.83500°N 36.86583°E
Jenis	Permukiman
Sejarah
Didirikan	Sekitar 3300 SM
Ditinggalkan	1982
Periode	Zaman Perunggu, Zaman Besi
Budaya	Amorit, Aram
Catatan situs
Tanggal ditemukan	1924, 1927–1929, 1994, 1999–2011
Arkeolog	Robert du Mesnil du Buisson, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, dan Peter Pfälzner
Kondisi	Reruntuhan
Pemilik	Publik
Akses umum	Ya
Situs web	http://www.qatna.de/

Qatna (bahasa Arab: تل المشرفة, Tell al-Mishrifeh) adalah sebuah kota kuno yang terletak di Kegubernuran Homs, Suriah. Reruntuhan kota ini tergolong sebagai sebuah "tel" yang terletak di dekat desa al-Mishrifeh, sekitar 18 km (11 mi) di sebelah timur laut Homs. Qatna pernah menjadi kota penting pada milenium kedua SM dan paruh pertama milenium pertama SM. Di situs ini terdapat istana kerajaan terbesar dari Suriah Zaman Perunggu dan sebuah makam kerajaan yang menunjukkan praktik pemakaman pada masa itu.

Situs ini sempat dihuni untuk waktu yang singkat pada paruh kedua milenium keempat SM dan kemudian dihuni lagi sekitar tahun 2800 SM. Pada tahun 2000 SM, Qatna menjadi ibu kota sebuah kerajaan yang berkuasa di kawasan Syam tengah dan selatan. Kerajaan ini membina hubungan baik dengan Mari, tetapi terus menerus berperang melawan Yamhad. Pada abad ke-15 SM, Qatna tidak lagi menjadi kawasan yang memegang hegemoni di Syam dan kemudian dikuasai oleh Mitanni. Kota ini kemudian berganti tangan antara Mitanni dengan Mesir hingga akhirnya ditaklukkan dan dijarah oleh Bangsa Het pada akhir abad ke-14 SM. Setelah dihancurkan, kota Qatna mengalami kemunduran hingga akhirnya ditinggalkan penduduknya pada abad ke-13 SM. Situs ini dihuni kembali pada abad ke-10 SM dan menjadi pusat Kerajaan Palistin dan kemudian Hamat sampai dihancurkan oleh Bangsa Asyur pada 720 SM. Sesudah peristiwa ini, yang tersisa dari Qatna hanyalah sebuah desa kecil yang akhirnya hilang ditelan zaman pada abad ke-6 SM. Pada abad ke-19 M, situs tersebut dihuni oleh sejumlah warga desa. Pada tahun 1982, keturunan mereka dipindahkan ke sebuah desa yang baru dibangun, yaitu al-Mishrifeh. Situs Qatna sendiri sudah digali oleh para arkeolog sejak tahun 1920-an.

Qatna pernah dihuni oleh berbagai suku bangsa, khususnya bangsa Amori yang pernah mendirikan kerajaan di kota tersebut, dan kemudian orang Aram. Bangsa Hurri menjadi bagian dari masyarakat Qatna pada abad ke-15 SM dan memengaruhi perkembangan bahasa tertulis di kota tersebut. Seni rupa dari Qatna memiliki ciri khas dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda kontak dengan wilayah sekitarnya. Warga kota Qatna mengikuti berbagai kultus, termasuk kultus yang melakukan pemujaan nenek moyang. Lokasi Qatna di tengah jaringan perdagangan Timur Dekat membantunya mencapai kekayaan dan kemakmuran; kota ini berdagang dengan berbagai wilayah yang bahkan mencapai kawasan Baltik dan Afganistan. Daerah di sekitar Qatna subur dengan air yang melimpah, sehingga tanahnya cocok untuk kegiatan pergembalaan dan mampu menopang jumlah penduduk yang besar.

Daftar pustaka

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Pfälzner, Peter (2011). "Die Königsgruft von Qaṭna als architektonisches Ensemble". Dalam Pfälzner, Peter; al-Maqdissi, Michel. Interdisziplinäre Studien zur Königsgruft in Qatna. Qaṭna Studien. Forschungsergebnisse und Vergleichende Untersuchungen des Deutsch-Syrischen Archäologischen Projektsauf dem Tall Mišrife (dalam bahasa Jerman). 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06541-2.
Pfälzner, Peter (2012). "Levantine Kingdoms of the Late Bronze Age". Dalam Potts, Daniel T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 1. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-6077-6.
Pfälzner., Peter (2012). Pfälzner, Peter; Niehr, Herbert; Pernicka, Ernst; Wissing, Anne, ed. "How Did They Bury the Kings of Qatna?". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1: (Re-)Constructing Funerary Ritualsin the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Tübingen Post-Graduate School "Symbols of the Dead" in May 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-06820-8. ISSN 2195-4305.
Pfälzner, Peter (2013). "The Elephant Hunters of Bronze Age Syria". Dalam Aruz, Joan; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena. Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-475-0.
Pfälzner, Peter (2014). Pfälzner, Peter; Niehr, Herbert; Pernicka, Ernst; Lange, Sarah; Köster, Tina, ed. "Royal Funerary Practices and Inter-regional Contacts in the Middle Bronze Age Levant: New Evidence from Qaṭna". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 3: Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of a Workshop at the London 7th ICAANE in April 2010 and an International Symposium in Tübingen in November 2010, both Organised by the Tübingen Post-Graduate School „Symbols of the Dead". ISBN 978-3-447-10237-7. ISSN 2195-4305.
Pfälzner., Peter (2015). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "The Art of Qatna and the Question of the 'International Style'". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Pfälzner, Peter (2015). "A House of Kings and Gods - Ritual Places in Syrian Palaces". BAAL: Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises. Beyrouth: Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités. Hors-Série X: Cult and ritual on the Levantine coast and its impact on the eastern Mediterranean realm: proceedings of the International Symposium, Beirut 2012. ISSN 1683-0083.
Pitard, Wayne T. (2001) [1998]. "Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World (edisi ke-revised). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
Podany, Amanda H. (2010). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979875-9.
Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2010). "From Group–Writing to Word Association. Representation and Integration of Foreign Words in Egyptian Script". Dalam de Voogt, Alexander J.; Finkel, Irving L. The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17446-7.
Redford, Donald B. (2003). The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III. Culture and History of the Ancient near East Series. 16. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-12989-4. ISSN 1566-2055.
Richter, Thomas (2002). "Der "Einjährige Feldzug" Suppiluliumas I. von Hatti in Syrien nach Textfunden des Jahres 2002 in Misrife/Qatna". Ugarit-Forschungen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Ugarit-Verlag. 34. ISBN 978-3-934-62833-5.
Richter, Thomas (2005). "Qatna in the Late Bronze Age: Preliminary Remarks". Dalam Owen, David I.; Wilhelm, Gernot. General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/1. Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians. 15. CDL Press. ISBN 978-1-883-05389-5. ISSN 1080-9686.
Richter, Thomas (2007). "Topographical Names in Late Bronze Age Texts Unearthed in Mišrife/Qatna". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna. 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.
Roßberger, Elisa (2014). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Things to Remember – Jewellery, Collective Identity and Memory at the Royal Tomb of Qaṭna". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Harrassowitz Verlag. 3: Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of a Workshop at the London 7th ICAANE in April 2010 and an International Symposium in Tübingen in November 2010, both Organised by the Tübingen Post-Graduate School „Symbols of the Dead". ISBN 978-3-447-10237-7. ISSN 2195-4305.
Sasson, Jack M. (2010). "On the "Išhi-Addu" Seal from Qatna with Comments on Qatna Personnel in the OB Period". Dalam Dönmez, Şevket. Veysel Donbaz'a Sunulan Yazılar. DUB.SAR É.DUB.BA.A (Studies presented in honour of Veysel Donbaz). Ege Publications. ISBN 978-6-055-60718-0.
Schneider, Thomas (2002). "Sinuhes Notiz über die Könige. Syrisch-Anatolische Herrschertitel in Ägyptischer Überlieferung". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant (dalam bahasa Jerman). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 12. ISSN 1015-5104.
Silver, Minna A (2014). Abouzayd, Shafiq, ed. "Equid Burials in Archaeological Contexts in the Amorite, Hurrian and Hyksos Cultural Intercourse". ARAM Periodical. Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. Peeters Publishers. 26 (1&2). ISBN 978-1-326-71743-8. ISSN 0959-4213.
Spalinger, Anthony J. (2005). War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-77750-3.
Streck, Michael P. (2011). "Babylonian and Assyrian". Dalam Weninger, Stefan; Khan, Geoffrey; Streck, Michael P.; Watson, Janet C. E. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. 36. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-110-25158-6. ISSN 1861-5090.
Turri, Luigi (2015). "The Ponderal Systems of Qatna". Dalam Archi, Alfonso; Bramanti, Armando. Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 57th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Rome, 4–8 July 2011. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale – RAI. 57. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-313-3.
Unger, Merrill F. (2014) [1957]. Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-625-64606-4.
Van Koppen, Frans (2007). "Syrian Trade Routes of the Mari Age and MB II Hazor". Dalam Bietak, Manfred; Czerny, Ernst. The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28th of May – 1st of June 2003. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean. 9. Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-700-13527-2.
Van Koppen, Frans (2015). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Qaṭna in altsyrischer Zeit". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Wilhelm, Gernot (2012). "Šuppiluliuma I. und die Chronologie der Amarna-Zeit". Dalam Hachmann, Rolf. Kāmid el-Lōz: Die Keilschriftbriefe und der Horizont von el-Amarna. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde. 87. Habelt. ISBN 978-3-774-93746-8.
Wilhelm, Gernot (2015). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Suppiluliuma and the Decline of the Mittanian Kingdom". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Ziegler, Nele (2007). "Les Données des Archives Royales de Mari. Sur le Milieu Baturel et l'Occupation Humaine en Syrie Centrale". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna (dalam bahasa Prancis). 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.