Robert the Bruce
Robert I (11 Juli 1274 – 7 Juni 1329), yang lebih dikenal sebagai Robert the Bruce (Gaelik Abad Pertengahan: Roibert a Briuis; Gaelik Skotlandia modern: Raibeart Bruis; Prancis Norman: Robert de Brus atau Robert de Bruys; Skotlandia Awal: Robert Brus; bahasa Latin: Robertus Brussius), adalah Raja Skotlandia dari 1306 sampai ia wafat pada 1329. Robert menjadi salah satu pejuang paling terkenal dari generasinya, dan kemudian memimpin Skotlandia pada Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia Pertama melawan Inggris. Ia berhasil bertarung pada masa pemerintahannya untuk menjadikan Skotlandia sebagai sebuah negara merdeka dan sekarang dikenang di Skotlandia sebagai pahlawan nasional.
| Robert I | |
|---|---|
 Penggambaran Victorian Bruce | |
| Raja Skotlandia | |
| Berkuasa | 25 Maret 1306 – 7 Juni 1329 |
| Penobatan | 25 Maret 1306 |
| Pendahulu | John (sebagai Raja) John de Soules (sebagai Penjaga) |
| Penerus | David II |
| Kelahiran | 11 Juli 1274 Istana Turnberry, Ayrshire |
| Kematian | 7 Juni 1329 (umur 54) Manor of Cardross, Argyll |
| Pemakaman | Dunfermline Abbey (Jasad) – Melrose Abbey (Jantung) |
| Pasangan | |
| Keturunan selengkapnya... | |
| Wangsa | Bruce |
| Ayah | Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale |
| Ibu | Marjorie, Countess of Carrick |
| Agama | Katolik Roma |
| Penjaga Kerajaan Skotlandia (Interregnum Kedua) | |
| Masa jabatan 1298–1300 Menjabat bersama John III Comyn dan William de Lamberton (dari 1301) | |
Referensi
suntingDaftar pustaka
sunting- Barrow, Geoffrey Wallis Steuart (2005), Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland (4th ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-85224-539-4.
- Balfour Paul, James (1904), The Scots Peerage, Edinburgh: David Douglas.
- Bartlett, Robert (1993), The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950–1350, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-03298-X.
- Bingham, Caroline (1998), Robert the Bruce, London: Constable, ISBN 0-09-476440-9.
- Brown, Chris (2004), Robert the Bruce. A Life Chronicled, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-2575-7.
- Brown, Chris (2008), Bannockburn 1314, Stroud: History, ISBN 978-0-7524-4600-4.
- Dunbar, Archibald H. (1899), Scottish Kings 1005–1625, Edinburgh: D. Douglas, hlm. 126–141, with copious original source materiéls.
- Duncan, A.A.M. (Editor), (1999) John Barbour: The Bruce Canongate.
- Fawcett, Richard (ed.) (2005), Royal Dunfermline, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, ISBN 978-0-903903-34-9.
- Grant, Alexander, (1984) Independence and Nationhood: Scotland 1306–1469 Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7486-0273-5.
- Grant A, and Stringer, Keith J., (1995) Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History Routledge, pp. 97–108. ISBN 978-0-415-13041-7.
- Hunter, Paul V (2012), The Adventures of Wee Robert Bruce, Bonhill, West Dunbartonshire: Auch Books.
- Jardine, Henry (1821), Report relative to the tomb of King Robert the Bruce, and the cathedral church of Dunfermline, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Hay, Gall and Co..
- Loudoun, Darren (2007), Scotlands Brave.
- Mackenzie, Agnes Mure (1934), Robert Bruce, King of Scots
- Macnamee, Colm (2006), The Wars of the Bruces: England and Ireland 1306–1328, Edinburgh: Donald, ISBN 978-0-85976-653-1
- Macnamee, Colm (2006), Robert Bruce: Our Most Valiant Prince, King and Lord, Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 978-1-84158-475-1
- Nicholson, R., Scotland in the Later Middle Ages
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- Ó Néill, Domhnall (1317), "Remonstrance of the Irish Chiefs to Pope John XXII", CELT archive
- Penman, Michael (2014). Robert the Bruce: King of the Scots. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300148720.
- Penman, Michael (2009), 'Robert Bruce's Bones: Reputations, Politics and Identities in Nineteenth-Century Scotland', International Review of Scottish Studies, 34 (2009), 7–73, Ontario: Centre for Scottish Studies at the University of Guelph
- Phillips, Seymour (2011), Edward II, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300178029
- Scott, Ronald McNair (1982). Robert the Bruce: King of Scots. New York: Barnes and Noble. ISBN 1566192706.
- Geoffrey the Baker's: Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke, ed. Edward Maunde Thompson (Oxford, 1889)
- Traquair, Peter (1998). Freedom's Sword. University of Virginia: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. ISBN 1570982473.
- Watson, Fiona, J. (1998). Under the Hammer: Edward I and Scotland, 1286–1307. Tuckwell Press, East Linton. ISBN 978-1862320314.
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