Simbolisme orang kudus Kristen
Kekristenan telah digunakan simbolisme dari sangat awal.[1] Masing-masing santo (orang kudus) memiliki cerita dan alasan mengapa dia menjalani kehidupan yang patut dicontoh. Simbol-simbol ini telah digunakan untuk menceritakan kisah-kisah ini di sepanjang sejarah Gereja. Jumlah orang-orang kudus Kristen secara tradisional diwakili oleh simbol atau ikon motif yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan mereka, disebut atribut atau lambang (=emblem), dalam rangka untuk mengidentifikasi mereka. Studi bentuk-bentuk ini merupakan bagian dari ikonografi dalam sejarah seni. Mereka terutama digunakan sehingga orang buta huruf juga bisa mengenali sebuah adegan, dan untuk memberikan masing-masing orang Kudus sesuatu kepribadian dalam seni. Emblem-emblem ini sering dibawa di tangan oleh para orang kudus itu.
Atribut sering bervariasi baik dengan waktu atau geografi, terutama antara Kekristenan Timur dan Barat. Gambar-gambar Ortodoks lebih sering memuat tulisan dengan nama orang-orang kudus, sedangkan repertoar atribut Timur umumnya lebih kecil dari Barat. Banyak orang-orang kudus yang paling menonjol, seperti Saint Peter dan Saint John the Evangelist juga dapat dikenali dari jenis wajah khas – seperti halnya Kristus. Dalam kasus orang-orang kudus kemudian, penampilan historis mereka yang sebenarnya juga dapat digunakan; Saint Bernardino dari Siena (1380-1444) adalah salah satu yang sejak awal penampilan khasnya telah dikenal dari cetakan awal dan hampir selalu digunakan oleh para seniman. Beberapa atribut umum, seperti pelepah kelapa sawit dibawa oleh para martir.
Penggunaan simbol dalam karya seni yang menggambarkan seorang Santo mengingatkan orang-orang yang sedang melihatnya akan cerita mereka. Berikut adalah daftar dari beberapa atribut-atribut ini.
Empat Penginjil
| Santo | Simbol |
|---|---|
| Matius Penginjil | pria berjubah, bersayap pria, tas, lance |
| Markus Penginjil | singa bersayap, buku |
| Lukas Penginjil | ox, buku, kuas, palet |
| Yohanes Penginjil | elang, piala kadang-kadang dengan ular di dalamnya, ketel, buku |
Para Rasul
Penggambaran Para Rasul
.jpg)
| Santo | Simbol |
|---|---|
| Andreas | saltire |
| Bartolomeus | pisau, kulit manusia |
| Yakobus, anak Zebedeus | pilgrim staf, kerang shell, kunci, pedang, pilgrim topi, mengangkang putih charger, Salib Saint James |
| Yakobus, anak Alfeus / Yakobus yang adil | square aturan, tombak, klub, melihat |
| Yohanes | buku, ular di dalam cawan, kuali, eagle |
| Yudas bin Yakobus | pedang, square aturan, klub, kapal |
| Yudas Iskariot | tiga puluh keping perak |
| Matius | angel |
| Petrus | Kunci-kunci Surga, perahu, ikan, ayam, pallium, jubah kepausan; orang yang disalibkan kepala ke bawah pada sebuah salib terbalik, yang diberikan sebagai Rasul, memegang sebuah buku atau gulir. Iconographically, ia digambarkan dengan janggut putih lebat dan rambut putih, dan mengenakan jubah biru dan kuning mantel. |
| Filipus | kolom; tua berjenggot saint dan terbuka untuk Tuhan manusia, memegang keranjang roti dan Tau Cross |
| Simon | perahu; salib dan melihat; ikan (atau dua ikan); tombak; orang yang gergajian dalam dua longitudinal; oar |
| Tomas | kembar, menempatkan jarinya di samping Kristus, kapak, tombak (berarti syahid), square (profesinya, seorang builder) |
Orang-orang kudus yang terdaftar dengan nama
A
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Acathius of Melitene | crown of thorns |
| Agatha of Sicily | tongs or shears, veil, bells, two breasts on a plate |
| Agnes | lamb |
| Alfege of Canterbury | axe |
| Alfred the Great | codex, crown, orb/scepter |
| Ambrose | bees, beehive, dove, ox, pen |
| Anne, grandmother of Jesus | door, book with the Virgin Mary reading, red robe and green mantle |
| Anthony the Great | monk's habit, bell, pig, T-shaped cross |
| Anthony of Padua | Child Jesus, bread, book, lily |
| Athanasius of Alexandria | bishop arguing with a pagan, bishop holding an open book, bishop standing over a defeated heretic |
| Augustine of Hippo | dove, child, shell, pen, book |
B
.svg)
| Santo/Santa | Simbol |
|---|---|
| Barbara | tower, chalice, ciborium, cannon |
| Barnabas | pilgrim's staff, olive branch |
| Benedict | broken cup, raven, bell, crosier, bush |
| Benno of Meissen | fish with keys in its mouth, book |
| Bernard of Clairvaux | pen, bees, instruments of the Passion |
| Bernardino of Siena | tablet or sun inscribed with IHS, three mitres |
| Blaise | wax, taper (candle), iron comb |
| Bonaventure | communion, ciborium, cardinal's hat |
| Boniface | oak, axe, book, fox, scourge, fountain, raven, sword |
| Bridget of Sweden | book, pilgrim's staff |
| Brigid of Kildare | cow, crosier, Brigid's cross |
C
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Casimir of Poland and Lithuania | royal attire of crown and red robe lined with ermine, lily, cross, rosary; sometimes two right hands |
| Catherine of Alexandria | wheel, crown, sword, book |
| Catherine of Ricci | ring, crown, crucifix |
| Catherine of Siena | stigmata, cross, ring, lily |
| Cecilia | organ |
| Cerbonius | geese |
| Charles Borromeo | cardinal's robes, communion |
| Christopher | giant crudely dressed, torrent, tree, branch or large staff, carrying the Child Jesus on shoulder |
| Clare of Assisi | monstrance |
| Clare of Montefalco | cross |
| Clement | anchor, fish, Mariner's Cross |
| Corbinian | saddled bear |
| Saints Cosmas and Damian | a phial, box of ointment |
| Saints Crispin and Crispinian | shoes, millstones |
| Cyriacus | deacon's vestments |
D
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Daniel | lion |
| David of Scotland | king with sword or sceptre |
| David of Wales | dove |
| Denis | head in hands |
| Dorothea of Caesarea | flowers, fruits |
| Dominic | rosary, star, dog with a torch |
| Dunstan | hammer, tongs |
| Dymphna | crown, sword, lily, lamp, princess with a fettered devil at her feet |
E
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Earconwald | bishop travelling in a chariot |
| Edmund the Martyr | quiver of arrows |
| Edward the Confessor | king crowned with a nimbus and holding a sceptre |
| Saint Eligius | bishop portrayed with a crosier in his right hand, on the open palm of his left a miniature church of chased gold; with a hammer, anvil, and horseshoe; or with a horse |
| Elijah | cave |
| Elisabeth of Hungary | alms, flowers, bread, the poor, pitcher |
| Emilianus | monk on horseback |
| Elizabeth of Aragon | crown |
| Erasmus of Formiae | windlass |
| Eric of Sweden | king being martyred at mass |
| Eustace | hunting clothes, stag, bull, crucifix, horn, oven |
F
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Faith | Shield of the Trinity |
| Felix of Burgundy | anchor |
| Florinus of Remüs | bottle, glass of wine |
| Francis of Assisi | wolf, birds, fish, skull, stigmata |
| Francis Xavier | crucifix, bell, vessel, crab with a cross |
G
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Gabriel | is archangel, trumpet, armour, wings, scroll stating "Ave Maria Gratia Plena" |
| Genesius | theatre mask |
| Genevieve | lit candle, bread, keys, herd, cattle |
| George | dragon, soldier or knight in armour, often on white horse, especially in the East, Cross of Saint George |
| Gertrude of Nivelles | crown, tapir, lily, mouse |
| Giles | Benedictine habit, hind |
| Gregory the Great | papal tiara, crosier, dove (often portrayed at his ear) |
H
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Helena | wearing a royal crown while supporting a cross |
| Hippolytus of Rome | papal tiara |
| Hippolytus the soldier | military garb, horse's harness |
| Honoratus of Amiens | baker's peel or shovel; bishop with a large Host; bishop with three Hosts on a baker's shovel; loaves |
| Hugh of Lincoln | swan |
I
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Ignatius of Antioch | a bishop surrounded by lions or in chains |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Eucharist, chasuble with Jesuit-style collar, book often inscribed with "Ad majorem Dei gloriam", or the letters AMDG, the letters "ihs" with a cross across the h (traditionally with three nails below the letters, and the letters and nails surrounded by the sun's rays), sword, cross. |
| Imerius of Immertal | hermit's garb and bird of prey |
| Irene of Tomar | palm of martyrdom |
| Isidore of Seville | bees, pen, book |
| Ivo of Kermartin | depicted as a lawyer, holding a document, in legal dress. |
J
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Jerome | lion, cardinal clothing, cross, skull, books and writing material, stone in hand |
| Joan of Arc | shield, Cross of Lorraine |
| Saint Joanna | lamb |
| John Berchmans | Rule of Saint Ignatius, cross, rosary |
| John Chrysostom | bees, dove, pen |
| John of God | alms, heart, crown of thorns |
| John the Baptist | lamb, head on a platter, animal skin (the camel-skin coat of the Gospels), pointing at Christ or a lamb, often portrayed carrying a long crudely made cross |
| Joseph, spouse of Mary | Child Jesus, lily, rod, plane, carpentry square, purple robe and brown mantle |
| Juan Diego | tilmàtli |
| Justin Martyr | axe, sword |
| Justina of Padua | palm frond, knife, unicorn |
| Juthwara | round soft cheese |
K
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Kateri Tekakwitha | turtle, lily |
| Kevin of Glendalough | blackbird |
| Knut of Denmark | Nordic king with royal insignia, dagger, lance or arrow. |
L
.jpg)
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Lambert of Maastricht | palm of martyrdom |
| Lawrence of Rome | cross, Gospel Book, gridiron, palm frond, purse of money, attired as a deacon in a dalmatic, accompanied by a group of poor people. |
| Leander of Seville | pen |
| Leonard of Noblac | lock, chain, manacles or fetters |
| Liborius of Le Mans | pebbles, peacock |
| Louis IX of France | royal attire of crown and blue robe decorated with golden fleur-de-lis, crown of thorns, nails |
| Lucy | cord, eyes on a dish, lamp |
M
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Margaret of Scotland | reading |
| Margaret the Virgin | dragon in chains |
| Maria Goretti | fourteen lilies; farmer's clothing; (occasionally) a knife |
| Martha | aspergillum, dragon |
| Martin of Tours | goose; sharing cloak with beggar |
| Martin de Porres | broom, a cat, dog and a mouse eating from the same plate |
| Mary Magdalene | jar of ointment, red egg |
| Matilda | purse, alms |
| Maurice | soldier in armour, banner with red cross |
| Maurus | scales, spade, crutch |
| Menas of Crete | two camels |
| Michael | scales, banner, sword, dragon |
| Monica | girdle, tears |
| Mungo | fish with ring in its mouth, bell, tree, bird |
N
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Nicholas | three purses or balls, anchor, boat, child |
O
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Oda of Scotland | depicted wearing a long blue gown with one shoulder bare; usually carries a staff or a book; always shown with a magpie on her hand and a crown under her feet |
| Olaf of Norway | axe in Norway's coat of arms |
P
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Pancras | sword, palm branch |
| Pantaleon | nailed hands |
| Patrick | cross, harp, serpent, baptismal font, demons, shamrock |
| Paul the Apostle | sword, book or scroll, horse; long, pointed beard, and balding backwards from forehead. Green robe, red mantle. |
| Saint Peter of Verona | Dominican with a hatchet in his head or a severe head wound; or writing the words "Credo in unum Deum" as he dies |
| Petronilla | set of keys, dolphin |
| Philip Neri | lily |
| Philomena | anchor, palm, arrows |
Q
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Quentin | depicted as a young man with two spits; as a deacon; with a broken wheel; with a chair to which he is transfixed; with a sword; or beheaded, a dove flying from his severed head |
| Quiteria | depicted with a dog on a lead; depicted with her head in her hands, emerging from the sea. |
R
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Raphael | fish |
| Richard | bishop with overturned chalice |
| Rita of Cascia | roses, roses and figs, crucifix, thorn, sometimes with a wound in her forehead |
| Roch | angel, dog with bread, leg wound, pilgrim's dress |
| Rose of Lima | crown of thorns, anchor, city, roses, crown of roses |
S
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Sativola | scythe, well |
| Sava of Serbia | book |
| Sebastian | arrows, crown |
| Spyridon of Corfu | bishop with Gospel; long, pointed beard, and wearing a shepherd's hat |
| Stanislaus of Szczepanów | sword |
| Stephen the Martyr | stone(s) |
| Stephen of Hungary | royal attire of crown and robes, and holding orb or sceptre with double cross |
| Swithun | bishop with bridge, broken eggs |
T
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Teresa of Ávila | heart, arrow, look |
| Teresa of the Andes | small cross, flowers |
| Theodore | crocodile |
| Thérèse de Lisieux | roses entwining a crucifix |
| Thomas Aquinas | monstrance, dove, ox |
| Thomas Becket | sword, and wearing chancellor's robe and neck chain |
| Thomas More | axe |
| Timothy | three stones and a club[2] |
| Trudpert | axe |
| Tudwal | dragon |
U
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Urban | portrayed in art after his beheading, with the papal tiara near him |
| Urban of Langres | bishop with a bunch of grapes or a vine at his side; a book with a wine vessel on it |
| Ursicinus | book and fleur-de-lis |
| Ursula | arrow; banner; cloak; clock; maiden shot with arrows; depicted accompanied by a varied number of companions who are being martyred in various ways; ship |
| Ursus of Aosta | birds on his shoulder; wearing fur pelisse in a religious habit |
V
.jpg)
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Vedast | wolf carrying a goose in its mouth; child; bear |
| Verdiana | snakes |
| Veronica | Veil of Veronica |
| Victor of Marseilles | windmill |
| Vigilius of Trent | shoes or clogs |
| Vincent de Paul | children |
| Vincent Ferrer | pulpit, cardinal's hat, trumpet, captives |
| Vitus | cross, rooster, lion |
W
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Wenceslaus of Bohemia | crown, dagger |
| William of Montevergine | wolf and pastoral crook |
| William of York | bishop crossing the River Tweed |
| Winnoc | hand-mill, bridge, grinding corn |
| Wolfgang of Regensburg | a church building with an adze lodged in the roof, a wolf |
X
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Xenia of Saint Petersburg | walking stick |
| Xystus | book, papal tiara, martyr's palm |
Y
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Yrieix | bishop's mitre |
Z
| Saint | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Zachary | Making peace with King Luitprand. Sometimes he may have an olive branch and a dove over him |
| Zenobius of Florence | flowering tree; bringing a dead man or child back to life |
| Zita | bag, keys |
Lihat pula
- Calendar of saints
- Christian symbolism
- Christianization of saints and feasts
- Doktor Gereja
- Empat Penginjil dan Evangelist portrait
- Iconography
- List of canonizations, untuk daftar kanonisai Katolik menurut tanggal
- Martyrology
- Maria
- Patron saint
- Weather saints
Referensi
- ^ [./File:Wikisource-logo.svg
]
- ^ "Sts. Timothy and Titus, Bishops". www.passionistnuns.org. Diakses tanggal 15 March 2018.
Pustaka tambahan
- Walsh, Michael (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-3186-7.
- Delaney, John P. (1980). Dictionary of Saints (edisi ke-Second). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-13594-7.
- Whittemore, Carroll E. (1980). Symbols of the Church. Abingdon Press. ISBN 0687183014.
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Saint symbology.
- "Christian Iconography". Augusta State University. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18.
- "Catholic Online list of saints".
- "Hagiographies, hymnography, and icons for many Orthodox saints". Orthodox Church in America.
- "Catholic Forum Patron Saints Index". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-05-31.
- "Saints' Badges or Shields".
- "On the Canonizations of John Paul II". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-28.