Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab
Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah (bahasa Ibrani: עִבְרִית מִקְרָאִית Ivrit Miqra'it atau לְשׁוֹן הַמִּקְרָא Leshon ha-Miqra; bahasa Inggris: Biblical Hebrew, Ancient Hebrew, Classical Hebrew), juga disebut Bahasa Ibrani Klasik, adalah sebuah bentuk kuno (arkaik) bahasa Ibrani, sebuah bahasa yang tergolong ke dalam rumpun bahasa Semitik Kanaan yang dipakai oleh bani Israel di wilayah yang disebut sebagai tanah Israel, yang terutama terletak di sisi barat Sungai Yordan dan sisi timur Laut Tengah. Istilah "Ibrani" tak dipakai untuk bahasa dalam Alkitab,[6] yang menggunakan istilah שפת כנען (sefat kena'an, artinya bahasa Kanaan) atau יהודית (Yehudit, artinya bahasa Yudea) untuk menyebut bahasanya,[6] namun nama tersebut dipakai dalam teks-teks bahasa Yunani dan Ibrani Mishnah.[6]
Ortografi
Name | Ibrani Kuno | Blok | Samaria | Phonetic value (Pre-Exilic)[7][8] (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alef | א | ࠀ | [ʔ], ∅ | |
Beth | ב | ࠁ | [b], β | |
Gimel | ג | ࠂ | [ɡ], ɣ | |
Daleth | ד | ࠃ | [d], ð | |
He | ה | ࠄ | [h], ∅ | |
Waw | ו | ࠅ | [w], ∅ | |
Zayin | ז | ࠆ | [z] | |
Heth | ח | ࠇ | [ħ], [χ][9][10] | |
Teth | ט | ࠈ | [tʼ][9][10] | |
Yodh | י | ࠉ | [j], ∅ | |
Kaph | כ, ך | ࠊ | [k], x | |
Lamedh | ל | ࠋ | [l] | |
Mem | מ, ם | ࠌ | [m] | |
Nun | נ, ן | ࠍ | [n] | |
Samekh | ס | ࠎ | [s] | |
Ayin | ע | ࠏ | [ʕ], [ʁ][9][10] | |
Pe | פ, ף | ࠐ | [p], ɸ | |
Sadhe/Tsade | צ, ץ | ࠑ | [sʼ][9][10] | |
Qoph | ק | ࠒ | [q] or [kʼ][9][10] | |
Resh | ר | ࠓ | [r] | |
Shin/Syin | ש | ࠔ | [ʃ], [ɬ][9][10] | |
Taw | ת | ࠕ | [t], θ |
Tulisan bahasa Ibrani tertua yang pernah ditemukan telah digali di Khirbet Qeiyafa, bertarikh abad ke-10 SM.[11] Ostrakon pecahan tembikar berbentuk trapesium berukuran 15 cm x 16.5 cm (5.9 in x 6.5 in) itu memuat lima baris tulisan dengan tinta dalam huruf-huruf abjad Proto-Kanaan (bentuk kukno abjad Fenisia).[11][12] Lempengan atau "tablet" itu ditulis dari kiri ke kanan, menunjukkan bahwa saat itu tulisan Ibrani masih dalam tahap pembentukan (formatif).[12]
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Ancient Hebrew". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Samaritan". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ "Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ a b c Barton, John, ed. (2004) [2002]. The Biblical World. 2. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 7.
Interestingly, the term 'Hebrew' (ibrit) is not used of the language in the biblical text
- ^ Blau (2010)
- ^ Rendsburg (1997)
- ^ a b c d e f Blau (2010)
- ^ a b c d e f Rendsburg (1997)
- ^ a b Feldman (2010)
- ^ a b Shanks (2010)
Daftar pustaka
- Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze'ev (2000). A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press. ISBN 1-57506-047-7.
- Bergstrasser, Gotthelf; Daniels, Peter T. (1995). Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches. München: Max Hueber Verlag München. hlm. 50–75. ISBN 0-931464-10-2.
- Bergsträsser, G. (1983). Introduction to the Semitic Languages. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-10-2.
- Joshua Blau (1981). The renaissance of modern Hebrew and modern standard Arabic. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09548-0.
- Blau, Joshua (2010). Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-129-5.
- Budge, E. A. Wallis (1920). An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, in Two Volumes. 1. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-7661-7649-5.
- Davis, Craig (2007). Dating the Old Testament. New York: RJ Communications. ISBN 978-0-9795062-0-8.
- Dolgopolsky, Aron (1999). From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew. Milan: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano.
- Doron, Edit (2005), "VSO and Left-conjunct Agreement: Biblical Hebrew vs. Modern Hebrew", dalam Kiss, Katalin É., Universal Grammar in the Reconstruction of Dead Languages (PDF), Berlin: Mouton, hlm. 239–264, ISBN 3-11-018550-4
- Feldman, Rachel (2010). "Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 June 2011. Diakses tanggal 15 June 2011.
- Frank, Yitzhak (2003). Grammar for Gemara and Targum Onkelos. Jerusalem, Israel: Ariel United Israel Institutes. ISBN 1-58330-606-4.
- Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 75.1: 135–145. doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261.
- Glinert, Lewis (2004). The Grammar of Modern Hebrew. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-61188-1.
- Hanson, K. C. (2011). "The Gezer Almanac". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 June 2011. Diakses tanggal 15 June 2011.
- Janssens, Gerard (1982). "Studies in Hebrew historical linguistics based on Origen's Secunda". Orientalia Gandensia. Uitgeverij Peeters. 9. ISBN 2-8017-0189-0.
- Jobes, Karen H.; Silva, Moises (2001). Invitation to the Septuagint. Paternoster Press. ISBN 1-84227-061-3.
- LaSor, William Sanford (1978). Handbook of Biblical Hebrew. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-0444-0.
- Rainey, Anson (2008). "Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early Israelites?". Biblical Archeology Review. Biblical Archaeology Society. 34 (6 (Nov/Dec)).
- Rendsburg, Gary A. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew Phonology", dalam Kaye, Alan, Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns, hlm. 65–83, ISBN 1-57506-019-1, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 July 2011
- Rendsburg, Gary A. (1999), "Notes on Israelian Hebrew (I)", dalam Avishur, Yitzhak Avishur; Deutsch, Robert, Michael: Historical, Epigraphical and Biblical Studies in Honor of Prof. Michael Heltzer, Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center Publications, hlm. 255–258, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 July 2011
- Rosén, H. (1969). "Israel Language Policy and Linguistics". Ariel. 25: 48–63.
- Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993). A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55634-1.
- Shanks, Hershel (2010). "Oldest Hebrew Inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine Border". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (2): 51–6.
- Sperber, Alexander (1959). A Grammar of Masoretic Hebrew. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.
- Sperber, Alexander (1966). A Historical Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- Steinberg, David (2010). "History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language". Diakses tanggal 15 June 2011.
- Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", dalam Hetzron, Robert, The Semitic Languages, Routledge, hlm. 145–173, ISBN 0-415-05767-1
- Tov, Emanuel (1992). Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 978-0-8006-3429-2.
- Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, M. (1990). An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-31-5.
- Yahalom, Joseph (1997). Palestinian Vocalised Piyyut Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-58399-3.
- Yardeni, Ada (1997). The Book of Hebrew Script. Jerusalem: Carta. ISBN 965-220-369-6.
- Yeivin, Israel (1980). Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah. Scholars Press. ISBN 0-89130-373-1.
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006), "Complement Clause Types in Israeli", dalam Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., Complementation: a cross-linguistic typology.
Pranala luar
- Sumber Ibrani Alkitabiah
- Resources for the Study of Biblical Hebrew, Prof. E. Ben Zvi, University of Alberta
- Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew Lexicon – with an appendix containing Biblical Aramaic (Wikisource)
- Free resources to study Biblical Hebrew online, eHebrew.net
- Grammar, vocabulary and writing