Abjad Turki Utsmaniyah
Alfabet Turki Usmani (Turki Otoman: الفبا, elifbâ) adalah varian dari Abjad Persia-Arab yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Turki Usmani hingga 1928, ketika akhirnya alfabet ini digantikan oleh alfabet Turki.
| Alfabet Turki Usmani | |
|---|---|
| Jenis aksara | |
| Bahasa | Turki Usmani |
Periode | 1500–1928 |
| Arah penulisan | Kanan ke kiri |
| Aksara terkait | |
Silsilah | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Arab, , Arabik |
| Pengkodean Unicode | |
Nama Unicode | Arabic |
Meskipun secara resmi bahasa Turki Usmani ditulis dalam alfabet ini, penduduk non-Muslim Usmani terkadang menulisnya menggunakan alfabet lain, seperti Alfabet Armenia, Yunani, Latin, dan Ibrani.
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Sejarah
Asal mula
Alfabet Turki yang paling awal diketahui adalah aksara Orkhon. Berbagai bahasa Turkik ditulis dalam sejumlah alfabet yang berbeda, seperti aksara Kiril, Arab, Yunani, Latin, dan beberapa sistem penulisan lainnya.
Beberapa reformis Turki mempromosikan penggunaan alfabet Latin jauh sebelum reformasi Atatürk. Pada tahun 1862, selama periode reformasi sebelumnya, negarawan Münuf Pasha menganjurkan reformasi alfabet. Pada awal abad ke-20, proposal serupa dibuat oleh beberapa penulis yang terkait dengan gerakan Turki Muda, termasuk Hüseyin Cahit, Abdullah Cevdet, dan Celâl Nuri.[1]
Diperkenalkannya telegram dan mesin cetak di abad ke-19 makin memperlihatkan kelemahan alfabet Arab sehingga penggunaannya tidak bisa dipertahankan.[1]
Masalah ini diangkat lagi pada tahun 1923 selama Kongres Ekonomi İzmir dari Republik Turki yang baru, memicu debat publik yang berlanjut selama beberapa tahun. Langkah menjauh dari abjad Arab sangat ditentang oleh elemen-elemen konservatif dan religius.
Yang lain menentang Romanisasi dengan alasan praktis, karena tidak ada alfabet Latin yang cocok untuk fonem-fonem bahasa Turki. Beberapa menyarankan bahwa alternatif yang lebih baik mungkin dengan memodifikasi a bjadArab untuk memperkenalkan karakter tambahan untuk mewakili fonem bahasa Turki dengan lebih baik.[2]
Pada tahun 1926, republik-republik Turkik di Uni Soviet mengadopsi alfabet Latin, memberikan dorongan besar bagi para reformator di Turki.[1]
Penggantian
Pada akhirnya, alfabet Turki Usmani secara resmi diganti dengan alfabet Turki baru.[3][4] Pergantian ini termaktub dalam Türk Harflerİnİn Kabul Ve Tatbİkİ Hakkinda Kanun,[5] yang disahkan pada 1 November 1928 dan efektif berlaku pada 1 Januari 1929.[6]
Alfabet
As with Arabic and Persian, texts in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet are written right to left. The appearance of a letter changes depending on its position in a word:
- isolated (in a one-letter word);
- final (in which case it is joined on the right to the preceding letter);
- medial (joined on both sides); and
- initial (joined on the left to the following letter).
Some letters cannot be joined to the left and so do not possess separate medial and initial forms. In medial position, the final form is used. In initial position, the isolated form is used.
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Name | Modern Turkish | ALA-LC[7] | IPA[8] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا | ـا | — | elif | a, e | —, ā, ' | æ, e, —, (ʔ) | |
| ء | — | hemze | —, ' | —, ' | —, [ʔ] | ||
| ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | be | b (p) | b | b (p) |
| پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | pe | p | p | p |
| ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | te | t | t | t |
| ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | se | s | s̠ | s |
| ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | cim | c | c | d͡ʒ |
| چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | çim | ç | ç | t͡ʃ |
| ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ha | h | ḥ | h |
| خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | hı | h | ḫ | x |
| د | ـد | — | dal | d | d | d | |
| ذ | ـذ | — | zel | z | z̠ | z | |
| ر | ـر | — | re | r | r | ɾ | |
| ز | ـز | — | ze | z | z | z | |
| ژ | ـژ | — | je | j | j | ʒ | |
| س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | sin | s | s | s |
| ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | şın | ş | ș | ʃ |
| ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | sad | s | ṣ | s |
| ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | dad | d, z | ż | z (d) |
| ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | tı | t | ṭ | t, d |
| ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | zı | z | ẓ | z |
| ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ayn | ', — | ‘ | —, ʔ |
| غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | gayn | g, ğ, (v) | ġ | [ɣ → g], ◌ː, (v), |
| ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | fe | f | f | f |
| ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | Qaf | k | q | k, [q] |
| ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | kef | k | k | k |
| گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | gef (1), kāf-ı fārsī | g, ğ, (v) | g | [g → ɟ], j, (v) |
| ڭ | ـڭ | ـڭـ | ڭـ | nef, ñef, sağır kef (1), kāf-ı nūnī | n | ñ | n, [ŋ] |
| ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | lam | l | l | l |
| م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | mim | m | m | m |
| ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | nun | n | n | n |
| و | ـو | — | vav | v, o, ö, u, ü | v, ū, aw, avv, ūv | v, o, œ, u, y | |
| ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | he (3) | h, e, a | h (2) | h, æ, e, (t) |
| ی | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | ye | y, ı, i | y, ī, ay, á, īy | j, ɯ, i |
Notes
- In most texts, kef, gef, and sağır kef are written identically[8] although one Ottoman variant of gef has a "mini-kaf" of ﻙ as well as the doubled upper stroke of گ. In general, /g/ and /ŋ/ sounds are represented by kef ك. [9]
- The Library of Congress recommends for he (هـ) in a word in the construct state to be romanised t and when a word ending in he is used adverbially, it should be romanised tan.
- While in the original Arabic order, the final three letters are he, vāv, ye, in the Persian (and Ottoman) reordering, they are vāv, he, ye.[9]
- One further sign, which is not considered an actual letter, is the so-called te merbūṭa ('connected t'), which can indicate the Arabic feminine singular ending and which is often also written in Ottoman texts. Te merbūṭa is always at the end of a word and takes the form of ه (he) with two dots above, thus: ة or ـة (although in Ottoman texts the dots are often omitted).[9]
- Ghayn and gef were known to make a /v/ sound in words with considerable Azeri and Turkmen influence.
Sound–letter correspondence
The orthography of Ottoman Turkish is complex, as many Turkish sounds can be written with several different letters. For example, the phoneme /s/ can be written as ⟨ث⟩, ⟨س⟩, or ⟨ص⟩. Conversely, some letters have more than one value: ⟨ك⟩ k may be /k/, /ɡ/, /n/, /j/, or /ː/ (lengthening the preceding vowel; modern ğ), and vowels are written ambiguously or not at all. For example, the text ⟨كورك⟩ kwrk can be read as /ɡevrek/ 'biscuit', /kyrk/ 'fur', /kyrek/ 'shovel', /kœryk/ 'bellows', /ɡœrek/ 'view', which in modern orthography are written gevrek, kürk, kürek, körük, görek.[8][10]
Arabic and Persian borrowings are written in their original orthography: sabit 'firm' is written as ⟨ثابت⟩ s̱’bt, with ⟨ث⟩ s̱ representing /s/ (in Arabic /θ/), and ⟨ا⟩ ’ representing /aː/ as in Arabic but with no indication of the short /i/. The letters ث ح ذ ض ظ ع are found only in borrowings from Arabic; ژ is only in borrowings from Persian and French. Although the Arabic vowel points (harakat) can be used ⟨ثَابِت⟩ s̱a’bit, they are generally found only in dictionaries and didactic works, as in Arabic and Persian,[8] and they still do not identify vowel sounds unambiguously.
Consonant letters are classified in three series, based on vowel harmony: soft, hard, and neutral. The soft consonant letters, ت س ك گ ه, are found in front vowel contexts; the hard, ح خ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ق, in back vowel contexts; and the neutral, ب پ ث ج چ د ذ ر ز ژ ش ف ل م ن, in either. In Perso-Arabic borrowings, the vowel used in Turkish depends on the softness of the consonant. Thus, ⟨كلب⟩ klb 'dog' (Arabic /kalb/) is /kelb/, while ⟨قلب⟩ ḳlb 'heart' (Arabic /qalb/) is /kalb/. Conversely, in Turkish words, the choice of consonant reflects the native vowel.[8]
| Phoneme | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /∅/ | /h/ |
| Soft (front) | ت | س | ك | گ | ء | ه | ||
| Neutral | د | ث | ذ ز | |||||
| Hard (back) | ط | ط ض | ص | ض ظ | ق | غ | ع | ح خ |
(All other sounds are only written with neutral consonant letters.)
In Turkish words, vowels are sometimes written using the vowel letters as the second letter of a syllable: elif ⟨ا⟩ for /a/; ye ⟨ی⟩ for /i/, /ɯ/; vav ⟨و⟩ for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/; he ⟨ه⟩ for /a/, /e/. The corresponding harakat are there: ustun ⟨َ○⟩ (Arabic fatḥah) for /a/, /e/; esre ⟨ِ○⟩ (Arabic kasrah) for /ɯ/, /i/; ötre ⟨ُ○⟩ (Arabic ḍammah) for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/. The names of the harakat are also used for the corresponding vowels.[8]
| Name | Arabic name | Point | Letter | Front reading | Back reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ustun | fatḥah | َ○ | ا elif ه he |
/e/ | /a/ |
| esre | kasrah | ِ○ | ی ye | /i/ | /ɯ/ |
| ötre | ḍammah | ُ○ | و vav | /œ/, /y/ | /o/, /u/ |
Alfabet lain
Alfabet lain kadang-kadang digunakan oleh non-Muslim untuk menulis bahasa Turki Ottoman karena abjad Arab identik dengan Islam.
Novel pertama yang ditulis pada masa Kekaisaran Ottoman adalah Akabi (1851), yang ditulis dalam aksara Armenia oleh Vartan Pasha. Demikian pula, ketika keluarga Duzian Armenia mengelola percetakan uang koin Ottoman pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Abdülmecid I (memerintah 1839-1861), mereka menyimpan catatan dalam bahasa Turki Ottoman tetapi menggunakan aksara Armenia.[11]
Alfabet Yunani dan abjad Ibrani Rashi digunakan oleh orang Yunani dan Yahudi untuk menulis bahasa Turki Ottoman. Sebaliknya, muslim penutur bahasa Yunani menulis bahasa Yunani menggunakan alfabet Turki Ottoman.
Angka
Alfabet Turki Usmani menggunakan angka Arab Timur. Berikut daftar bilangan kardinal dasar dalam dua alfabet yang berbeda:
| Angka Arab | Nomor | Turki Usmani[12] | Turki Modern |
|---|---|---|---|
| ٠ | 0 | sıfır | |
| ١ | 1 | bir | |
| ٢ | 2 | iki | |
| ٣ | 3 | üç | |
| ۴ | 4 | dört | |
| ۵ | 5 | beş | |
| ۶ | 6 | altı | |
| ٧ | 7 | yedi | |
| ٨ | 8 | sekiz | |
| ٩ | 9 | dokuz | |
| ١٠ | 10 | on |
Rujukan
- ^ a b c Zürcher, Erik Jan. Turkey: a modern history, p. 188. I. B.Tauris, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6
- ^ Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Tahir. The politics and poetics of translation in Turkey, 1923–1960, pp. 53–54. Rodopi, 2008. ISBN 978-90-420-2329-1
- ^ Dil Derneği, Yazım Kılavuzu, 2002 (the writing guide of the Turkish language)
- ^ Nationalist Notes, Time, July 23, 1928
- ^ "Tūrk Harflerinin Kabul ve Tatbiki Hakkında Kanun" [Acceptance and Application of Turkish Letters LAW] (dalam bahasa Turkish). Diakses tanggal January 14, 2012.
- ^ Erik Jan Zürcher (2004), Turkey: a Modern History, pages 188–9. ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6
- ^ "Ottoman script" (PDF). (166 KB), Library of Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f V. H. Hagopian, Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar, London and Heidelberg, 1907, p. 1-25 full text
- ^ a b c Buğday, Korkut M. (2009). The Routledge introduction to literary Ottoman. Routledge. ISBN 9780415493383. OCLC 281098978.
- ^ Diran Kélékian, Dictionnaire Turc-Français, Constantinople/استانبول, 1911
- ^ Mansel, Philip (2011). Constantinople. Hachette UK. ISBN 1848546475.
- ^ "Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language".
Pranala luar
- Simon Ager, Turkish alphabet, Omniglot