George S. Patton

George Smith Patton Jr. (11 November 1885 – 21 Desember 1945) adalah seorang jenderal Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II. Dalam 36 tahun kariernya di angkatan darat, Ia menjadi Kadet Ajudan di West Point, menjadi juara lima Modern Pentathlon pada Olimpiade musim panas 1912 di Swedia, lulus Sekolah Kavaleri di Prancis pada 1912 dan 1913, dijadwalkan untuk ikut dalam Olimpiade musim panas 1916 yang seharusnya diadakan di Berlin, menjadi pendukung peperangan lapis baja, dan mengkomandani pasukan di Afrika Utara, Sisilia, dan Eropa. Patton terkenal sebagai pejuang murni yang tak kenal ampun dan ganas, dan diberi julukan "Old Blood and Guts" (Darah dan Jeroan Tua), nama yang muncul setelah seorang wartawan salah mengutip dia mengatakan "it takes blood and brains to win a war". Sejarah mencatatnya sebagai pemimpin militer yang brilian, yang juga sering tidak patuh dan kadang-kadang tidak stabil.

George S. Patton
Berkas:General George S. Patton wearing his 4-star service cap.jpg Patton pada tahun 1945
Nama lahir	George Smith Patton Jr.
Julukan	"Bandito" "Old Blood and Guts"
Lahir	(1885-11-11)11 November 1885 San Gabriel, California, U.S.
Meninggal	21 Desember 1945(1945-12-21) (umur 60) Heidelberg, Pendudukan Jerman oleh Sekutu
Dikebumikan	Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial
Pengabdian	Amerika Serikat
Dinas/cabang	Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat
Lama dinas	1908–1945
Pangkat	Jenderal
Kesatuan	Cabang Kavaleri, Cabang Lapis Baja
Komandan	Angkatan Darat Ketujuh Amerika Serikat Angkatan Darat Ketiga Amerika Serikat Angkatan Darat Kelima belas Amerika Serikat Lihat perintah lainnya Brigade Tank ke-304 Skuadron ke-3, Kavaleri ke-3 Resimen Kavaleri ke-5 Resimen Kavaleri ke-3 Brigade ke-2, Divisi Lapis Baja ke-2 Divisi Lapis Baja ke-2 I Armored Corps Pusat Pelatihan Gurun II Corps
Perang/pertempuran	Revolusi Meksiko Pertempuran San Miguelito Perang Dunia I Kampanye Saint Mihiel Kampanye Meuse-Argonne Perang Dunia II Operasi Torch Kampanye Afrika Utara Kampanye Tunisia Kampanye Sisilia Invasi Sekutu Barat ke Prancis Kampanye Lorraine Kampanye Rhineland Kampanye Ardennes Kampanye Eropa Tengah
Penghargaan	Distinguished Service Cross (2) Distinguished Service Medal (3) Silver Star (2) Legion of Merit Bronze Star Purple Heart Lihat Daftar
Pasangan	Beatrice Banning Ayer ​ ​ (m. 1910)​
Hubungan	George Smith Patton II (ayah) George Smith Patton I (kakek) Benjamin Davis Wilson (kakek) John K. Waters (menantu)
Anak	Beatrice Smith Ruth Ellen George Patton IV
Tanda tangan

Awal kehidupan

Anne Wilson "Nita" Patton, adik Patton. Dia bertunangan dengan John J. Pershing pada tahun 1917–18.

George Smith Patton Jr. lahir pada tanggal 11 November 1885, di Los Angeles pinggiran kota San Gabriel, California, kepada George Smith Patton Sr. dan istrinya Ruth Wilson, putri Benjamin Davis Wilson. Patton memiliki seorang adik perempuan, Anne, yang dijuluki "Nita."

Patton di Institut Militer Virginia, 1907

Sejak kecil, Patton mengalami kesulitan belajar membaca dan menulis, tetapi akhirnya mengatasi ini dan dikenal di masa dewasanya sebagai pembaca yang rajin. Dia dibimbing dari rumah sampai usia sebelas tahun, ketika dia terdaftar di Stephen Clark's School for Boys, sebuah sekolah swasta di Pasadena, selama enam tahun. Patton digambarkan sebagai anak yang cerdas dan banyak dibaca di sejarah militer klasik, khususnya eksploitasi Hannibal, Scipio Africanus, Julius Caesar, Joan of Arc, dan Napoleon Bonaparte, serta teman keluarga John Singleton Mosby, yang sering mampir ke rumah keluarga Patton ketika George masih kecil. Dia juga seorang penunggang kuda yang setia.

Patton menikahi Beatrice Banning Ayer, putri industrialis Boston Frederick Ayer, pada 26 Mei 1910, di Beverly Farms, Massachusetts. Mereka dikaruniai tiga anak, Beatrice Smith (lahir Maret 1911), Ruth Ellen (lahir Februari 1915), dan George Patton IV (lahir Desember 1923). Istri Patton, Beatrice, meninggal pada 30 September 1953 karena aneurisma yang pecah setelah jatuh saat menunggang kudanya dalam perburuan dengan saudara laki-lakinya dan yang lainnya di Myopia Hunt Club di South Hamilton, Massachusetts.

Patton never seriously considered a career other than the military. At the age of seventeen he sought an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He applied to several universities with Reserve Officer's Training Corps programs, and was accepted to Princeton College, but eventually decided on Virginia Military Institute (VMI), which his father and grandfather had attended. He attended the school from 1903 to 1904 and, though he struggled with reading and writing, performed exceptionally in uniform and appearance inspection as well as military drill. While he was at VMI, a senator from California nominated him for West Point. He was an initiate of the Beta Commission of Kappa Alpha Order.

In his plebe (first) year at West Point, Patton adjusted easily to the routine. However, his academic performance was so poor that he was forced to repeat his first year after failing mathematics. He excelled at military drills though his academic performance remained average. He was cadet sergeant major during his junior year, and the cadet adjutant his senior year. He also joined the football team, but he injured his arm and stopped playing on several occasions. Instead he tried out for the sword team and track and field and specialized in the modern pentathlon. He competed in this sport in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and he finished in fifth place—right behind four Swedes.

Patton graduated number 46 out of 103 cadets at West Point on June 11, 1909, and received a commission as a second lieutenant in the Cavalry branch of the United States Army.

Leluhur

The Patton family was of Irish, Scots-Irish, English, Scottish, French and Welsh ancestry. His great-grandmother came from an aristocratic Welsh family, descended from many Welsh lords of Glamorgan, which had an extensive military background. Patton believed he had former lives as a soldier and took pride in mystical ties with his ancestors. Though not directly descended from George Washington, Patton traced some of his English colonial roots to George Washington's great-grandfather. He was also descended from England's King Edward I through Edward's son Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent. Family belief held the Pattons were descended from sixteen barons who had signed Magna Carta. Patton believed in reincarnation, stating that he had fought in previous battles and wars before his time, additionally, his ancestry was very important to him, forming a central part of his personal identity. The first Patton in America was Robert Patton, born in Ayr, Scotland. He emigrated to Culpeper, Virginia, from Glasgow, in either 1769 or 1770. His paternal grandfather was George Smith Patton, who commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry under Jubal Early in the Civil War and was killed in the Third Battle of Winchester, while his great-uncle Waller T. Patton was killed in Pickett's Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg. Patton also descended from Hugh Mercer, who had been killed in the Battle of Princeton during the American Revolution. Patton's father, who graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), became a lawyer and later the district attorney of Los Angeles County. Patton's maternal grandfather was Benjamin Davis Wilson, a merchant who had been the second Mayor of Los Angeles. His father was a wealthy rancher and lawyer who owned a keseribu-ekar (400 ha) ranch near Pasadena, California. Patton is also a descendant of French Huguenot Louis DuBois.

Catatan

Referensi

• Allen, Thomas; Dickson, Paul (2006), The Bonus Army: An American Epic, London: Walker & Company, ISBN 978-0-8027-7738-6 
• Ambrose, Stephen E. (2007), Eisenhower: Soldier and President, New York City: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-945707-39-4 
• Atkinson, Rick (2007), The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (The Liberation Trilogy), New York City: Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 978-0-8050-6289-2 
• Axelrod, Alan (2006), Patton: A Biography, London: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4039-7139-5 
• Blumenson, Martin (1972), The Patton Papers: 1885–1940, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-12706-3 
• Blumenson, Martin (1974), The Patton Papers: 1940–1945, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-18498-1 
• Blumenson, Martin (1985), Patton: The Man Behind the Legend, New York City: William Morrow and Company, ISBN 978-0-688-13795-3 
• Brighton, Terry (2009), Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War, New York City: Crown Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-307-46154-4 
• DeFelice, Jim (2011), Omar Bradley: General at War, Washington, DC: Regenery History, ISBN 978-1-59698-139-3 
• D'Este, Carlo (1995), Patton: A Genius for War, New York City: Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0-06-016455-3 
• D'Este, Carlo (2002), Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life, New York City: Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 978-0-8050-5687-7 
• Edey, Maitland A. (1968), Time Capsule 1943, London: Littlehampton Book Services, ISBN 978-0-7054-0270-5 
• Essame, H. (1974), Patton: A Study in Command, New York City: Scribner & Sons, ISBN 978-0-684-13671-4 
• Evans, Colin (2001), Great feuds in history : ten of the liveliest disputes ever, New York City: John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-38038-2 
• Farago, Ladislas (1964), Patton: Ordeal and Triumph, New York City: Ivan Sergeyevich Obolensky, ISBN 978-1-59416-011-0 
• Farago, Ladislas (1981), The Last Days of Patton, Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing LLC, ISBN 978-1-59416-531-3 
• Fuller, Robert P. (2004), Last shots for Patton's Third Army, Portland, Maine: NETR Press, ISBN 978-0-9740519-0-1 
• Gooderson, Ian (1998), Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe 1943–45, Portland, Oregon: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7146-4211-6 
• Hirshson, Stanley (2003), General Patton: A Soldier's Life, New York City: Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-000983-0 
• Hunt, David (1990) [1966], A Don at War (edisi ke-revised), Great Britain: Frank Cass, ISBN 978-0-7146-3383-1 
• Jarymowycz, Roman J. (2001), Tank tactics: from Normandy to Lorraine, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55587-950-1 
• Jowett, Philip; de Quesada, Alejandro (2006), The Mexican Revolution 1910–20, London: Osprey Publishing, hlm. 25, ISBN 978-1-84176-989-9 
• Le Tissier, Tony (2007), Patton's Pawns: The 94th US Infantry Division at the Siegfried Line, Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, ISBN 978-0-8173-1557-3 
• Lovelace, Alexander G. (2019), ""Slap Heard around the World": George Patton and Shell Shock" (PDF), Parameters: The US Army War College Quarterly, 49 (no. 3 (Fall 2019)), hlm. 71–91 
• Lovelace, Alexander G. (2014), "The Image of a General: The Wartime Relationship between General George S. Patton Jr. and the American Media", Journalism History, 40 (no. 2 (Summer 2014)), hlm. 108–120 
• McNeese, Tim (2003), Great Battles through the Ages: Battle of the Bulge, New York City: Chelsea House Publications, ISBN 978-0-7910-7435-0 
• Patton, George S. (1947), War as I Knew It, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 978-1-4193-2492-5 
• Regan, Geoffrey (1992), Military Anecdotes, Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Publishing, ISBN 978-0-85112-519-0 
• Rice, Earl (2004), George S. Patton, Sagebrush Education Resources, ISBN 978-1-4176-2100-2 
• Rickard, John Nelson (2004), Patton at Bay: The Lorraine Campaign, September to December 1944, Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's Inc., ISBN 978-1-57488-782-2 
• Showalter, Dennis E. (2006), Patton And Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century (edisi ke-2006), New York City: Berkley Books, ISBN 978-0-425-20663-8 
• Steele, Brett D. (2005), Military Reengineering Between the World Wars, Chicago: Rand Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8330-3721-3 
• von Mellenthin, Frederich W. (2006), Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War, Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Konecky & Konecky, ISBN 978-1-56852-578-5 
• Wallace, Brenton G. (1946), Patton & His Third Army, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Military Service Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8117-2896-6 
• Zaloga, Steven (2008), Armored Thunderbolt: The U.S. Army Sherman in World War II, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, ISBN 978-0-8117-0424-3 
• Zaloga, Steven (2010), George S. Patton: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84603-459-6 

Pranala luar

• Cadet Patton at VMI Virginia Military Institute Archives
• General George Patton Museum
• "Patton Uncovered". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 28, 2007. Diakses tanggal June 5, 2006. 
• Lost Victory – Strasbourg, November 1944
• National Museum of Military History
• The General George S. Patton Story di YouTube, United States Army, from The Big Picture, narrated by Ronald Reagan
• Film pendek The General George S. Patton Story tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
• George S. Patton Papers: Diaries, 1910–1945 at Library of Congress
• Kliping surat kabar tentang George S. Patton di Arsip Pers Abad ke-20 dari Perpustakaan Ekonomi Nasional Jerman (ZBW)
• Five Famous Locals Who Were Veterans: Gen. George S. Patton, Jr. (1885–1945) at Pasadena now.com

Penghargaan dan prestasi
Didahului oleh: Sir Thomas Beecham Walter F. George Matthew Ridgway	Sampul majalah Time April 12, 1943 July 26, 1943 April 9, 1945	Diteruskan oleh: Manuel Ávila Camacho Ingrid Bergman Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.
Jabatan militer
Didahului oleh: Charles L. Scott	Komandan Jenderal Divisi Lapis Baja ke-2 1941–1942	Diteruskan oleh: Willis D. Crittenberger
Didahului oleh: Charles L. Scott	Komandan Korps Lapis Baja Jenderal I 1942–1943	Diteruskan oleh: Geoffrey Keyes
Didahului oleh: Lloyd Fredendall	Komandan Korps Jenderal II March – April 1943	Diteruskan oleh: Omar Bradley
Jabatan baru	Komandan Jenderal Angkatan Darat Ketujuh 1943–1944	Diteruskan oleh: Mark W. Clark
Didahului oleh: Courtney Hodges	Komandan Jenderal Angkatan Darat Ketiga 1944–1945	Diteruskan oleh: Lucian Truscott
Didahului oleh: Leonard T. Gerow	Komandan Jenderal Angkatan Darat Kelimabelas October – December 1945	Diteruskan oleh: Hobart R. Gay