Taliban

*Taliban*
طالبان
Taliban ; طالبان
	Bendera Taliban berlatar belakang warna putih dengan tulisan syahadat
Pemimpin	Mohammed Omar (pendiri, 1994–2013); Abdul Ghani Baradar (pendiri lain); Akhtar Mansour † (2015–2016); Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–sekarang); Muhammad Rasul (faksi pecahan, 2015–sekarang);
Waktu operasi	1994–1996 (milisi); 1996–2001 (pemerintahan); 2002–sekarang (pemberontak)
Kelompok	Kebanyakan Pashtun; beberapa Tajiks di Utara Afganistan
Markas	Kandahar, Afganistan (1994–2001)
Wilayah operasi	Afganistan dan Pakistan
Ideologi	Islamisme; Deobandi; Pashtunwali;
Sekutu	Negara Sekutu Pakistan (sampai 2001, tertuduh saat ini, ditolak); Qatar (tertuduh); Iran (tertuduh); Tiongkok (tertuduh); Rusia (tertuduh oleh Amerika Serikat, ditolak); Arab Saudi (tertuduh sampai 2013); Sekutu Bukan Negara Jaringan Haqqani; al-Qaeda; Lashkar-e-Taiba; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Harkat-ul-Mujahideen; Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (2004–2007, 2009, sejak 2017); Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi; Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (sampai 2016); Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan (faksi anti-ISIL);
Lawan	Negara Lawan Afganistan; India ; Amerika Serikat; Britania Raya; NATO ; ISAF; Lawan Bukan Negara NIIS - Propinsi Khorasan; Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan (faksi pendukung ISIL); Jamiat-e Islami; Junbish-i-Milli; Hezbe Wahdat;
Pertempuran dan perang	Perang Saudara Afganistan, Perang di Afganistan, dan Perang Waziristan

Gerakan Taliban, atau Taliban atau Taleban (Bahasa Persia dan Pashtun طالبان; Bahasa Iran, dari bentuk jamak Bahasa Arab طالب ṭālib, "murid"), adalah gerakan nasionalis Islam Sunni pendukung Pashtun yang secara efektif menguasai hampir seluruh wilayah Afganistan sejak 1996 sampai 2001.

Kelompok Taliban dibentuk pada September 1994, mendapat dukungan dari Amerika Serikat dan Pakistan.^[42] Dewan Keamanan PBB mengecam tindakan kelompok ini karena kejahatannya terhadap warga negara Iran dan Afghanistan.^[42] Taliban melakukan berbagai aksi pelanggaran HAM di Afghanistan.^[42]

Kelompok ini mendapat pengakuan diplomatik hanya dari tiga negara: Uni Emirat Arab, Pakistan, dan Arab Saudi, serta pemerintah Republik Chechnya Ichkeria yang tidak diakui dunia. Anggota-anggota paling berpengaruh dari Taliban, termasuk Mullah Mohammed Omar, pemimpin gerakan ini, adalah mullah desa (pelajar yunior agama Islam), yang sebagian besar belajar di madrasah di Pakistan. Gerakan ini terutama berasal dari Pashtun di Afganistan, serta Provinsi Perbatasan Barat Laut (North-West Frontier Province, NWFP) di Pakistan, dan juga mencakup banyak sukarelawan dari Arab, Eurasia, serta Asia Selatan.

Pemerintahan Taliban digulingkan oleh Amerika Serikat karena dituduh melindungi pemimpin Al Qaeda Osama Bin Laden yang juga dituduh Washington mendalangi serangan terhadap menara kembar WTC, New York pada tanggal 11 September 2001 bekerja sama dengan kubu Aliansi Utara.^[42] Invasi ini dimulai pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan bulan November 2001 dengan secara mengejutkan sehingga pihak Taliban langsung keluar dari ibu kota Afganistan, Kabul sehingga pihak Amerika relatif cepat dan mudah menguasainya.

Referensi

^ Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field. Columbia University Press. hlm. 249. ISBN 978-0-231-70112-9.
^ Clements, Frank A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 219. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8.
^ "The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan – Afghanistan Analysts Network". www.Afghanistan-Analysts.org. 3 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2018.
^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan).
^ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450.
^ ^a ^b "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.
^ Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001
^ Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.
^ "Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com.
^ Rashid, Taliban (2000)
^ "Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies". Csis.org. 19 October 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.
^ "Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code". CF2R. 30 November 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.
^ "The Taliban – Mapping Militant Organizations". web.stanford.edu. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2019.
^ "Taliban Leader Feared Pakistan Before He Was Killed". New York Times. 9 August 2017.
^ "Qatar's Dirty Hands". National Review. 3 August 2017.
^ "Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy". Pajhwok Afghan News. 7 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?". scroll.in. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2018.
^ "Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials". Middle East Institute. 9 January 2017. Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama mansouriran
^ "Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms". The Wall Street Journal. 11 June 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2015.
^ Small, Andrew (23 August 2015). "China's Man in the Taliban". Foreign Policy Argument. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019.
^ Danahar, Paul (3 September 2007). "Taleban 'getting Chinese arms'". BBC. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019.
^ "Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?". BBC News. April 2018.
^ Diplomat, Samuel Ramani, The. "What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?". The Diplomat.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama advances
^ Shehzad, Mohammad (10 March 2006). "Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man?". in.rediff.com. rediff. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 December 2007. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. Baitullah was appointed as Mullah Omar's governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders
^ Gall, Carlotta (26 March 2009). "Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks". The New York Times. Islamabad, Pakistan. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said.
^ Zahid, Farhan (15 April 2019). "Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications" (PDF). pakpips.com. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pak Institute for Peace Studies. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan
^ "Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2017.
^ "Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016.
^ "Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban". DW News. 27 March 2018. "Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state," Muzhdah said.
^ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse". Long War Journal. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2017.
^ "Rare look at Afghan National Army's Taliban fight". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.
^ "Dealing With the Taliban: India's Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal". Carnegie India. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2020.
^ "Taliban attack NATO base in Afghanistan – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera English. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.
^ "ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban". 12 January 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2015.
^ "ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other". Khaama Press. 20 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015.
^ "Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'". Rudaw. 13 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015.
^ "Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal". Military Times. 5 May 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Afghanistan's warlord vice-president spoiling for a fight with the Taliban". The Guardian. 4 August 2015.
^ Ibrahimi, Niamatullah. 2009. "Divide and Rule: State Penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from Monarchy to the Taliban", Crisis States Working Papers (Series 2) 42, London: Crisis States Research Centre, LSE
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Susilo, Taufik Adi. Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 391

Pranala luar

Afganistan: Taliban on the Rise Documentary Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
The Role of U.S., Russia, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in the Rise of Afghan Fundamentalism Diarsipkan 2005-04-08 di Wayback Machine.
Brother, can you spare a tear for the Taliban oleh Kaleem Kawaja
Endgame
Taliban's point of view Diarsipkan 2005-04-06 di Wayback Machine.
An obituary of King Fahd
Amir Butler: Understanding the reasons for Taliban defiance Diarsipkan 2005-05-01 di Wayback Machine.
Interview with two foreign Taliban fighters. 22 November 2001.
Afghani Roving Ambassador on NPR's Talk of the Nation March 21, 2001, about women's treatment, statue destruction and other "lies" Diarsipkan 2006-08-22 di Wayback Machine.
Afghani Ambassador Speech at USC Diarsipkan 2006-03-08 di Wayback Machine.
Who is responsible for the Taliban
"Bush's Faustian Deal with the Taliban" Diarsipkan 2006-09-07 di Wayback Machine., oleh Robert Scheer, Los Angeles Times, 22 Mei 2001

[Giustozzi-1] Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field. Columbia University Press. hlm. 249. ISBN 978-0-231-70112-9.

[Clements0-2] Clements, Frank A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 219. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8.

[3] "The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan – Afghanistan Analysts Network". www.Afghanistan-Analysts.org. 3 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2018.

[PakistanTaliban-4] Pajhwok Afghan News, Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan).

[5] Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450.

[digitaljournal.com-6] "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.

[7] Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001

[Maley2-14-8] Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.

[9] "Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com.

[10] Rashid, Taliban (2000)

[11] "Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies". Csis.org. 19 October 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.

[12] "Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code". CF2R. 30 November 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.

[13] "The Taliban – Mapping Militant Organizations". web.stanford.edu. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2019.

[14] "Taliban Leader Feared Pakistan Before He Was Killed". New York Times. 9 August 2017.

[15] "Qatar's Dirty Hands". National Review. 3 August 2017.

[16] "Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy". Pajhwok Afghan News. 7 August 2017.

[Scroll-17] "Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?". scroll.in. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2018.

[18] "Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials". Middle East Institute. 9 January 2017. Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.

[mansouriran-19] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama mansouriran

[20] "Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms". The Wall Street Journal. 11 June 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2015.

[21] Small, Andrew (23 August 2015). "China's Man in the Taliban". Foreign Policy Argument. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019.

[22] Danahar, Paul (3 September 2007). "Taleban 'getting Chinese arms'". BBC. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019.

[23] "Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?". BBC News. April 2018.

[24] Diplomat, Samuel Ramani, The. "What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?". The Diplomat.

[advances-25] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama advances

[rediff_Baitullah_Mehsud_Taliban_governor-26] Shehzad, Mohammad (10 March 2006). "Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man?". in.rediff.com. rediff. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 December 2007. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. Baitullah was appointed as Mullah Omar's governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders

[nyt_-_3/26/2009_-_pakistan_and_afghan_taliban_close_ranks-27] Gall, Carlotta (26 March 2009). "Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks". The New York Times. Islamabad, Pakistan. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said.

[PIPS_Noor_Wali_Mehsud-28] Zahid, Farhan (15 April 2019). "Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications" (PDF). pakpips.com. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pak Institute for Peace Studies. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan

[29] "Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2017.

[30] "Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016.

[31] "Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban". DW News. 27 March 2018. "Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state," Muzhdah said.

[32] Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse". Long War Journal. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2017.

[33] "Rare look at Afghan National Army's Taliban fight". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.

[34] "Dealing With the Taliban: India's Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal". Carnegie India. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2020.

[35] "Taliban attack NATO base in Afghanistan – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera English. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.

[36] "ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban". 12 January 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2015.

[37] "ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other". Khaama Press. 20 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015.

[38] "Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'". Rudaw. 13 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015.

[39] "Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal". Military Times. 5 May 2019.

[theguardian.com-40] "Afghanistan's warlord vice-president spoiling for a fight with the Taliban". The Guardian. 4 August 2015.

[41] Ibrahimi, Niamatullah. 2009. "Divide and Rule: State Penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from Monarchy to the Taliban", Crisis States Working Papers (Series 2) 42, London: Crisis States Research Centre, LSE

[abad_20-42] Susilo, Taufik Adi. Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 391

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Taliban طالبان
Bendera Taliban berlatar belakang warna putih dengan tulisan syahadat
Pemimpin	Mohammed Omar (pendiri, 1994–2013) Abdul Ghani Baradar (pendiri lain) Akhtar Mansour † (2015–2016) Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–sekarang) Muhammad Rasul (faksi pecahan, 2015–sekarang)
Waktu operasi	1994–1996 (milisi) 1996–2001 (pemerintahan) 2002–sekarang (pemberontak)
Kelompok	Kebanyakan Pashtun;^[1]^[2] beberapa Tajiks di Utara Afganistan^[3]
Markas	Kandahar, Afganistan (1994–2001)
Wilayah operasi	Afganistan dan Pakistan^[4]
Ideologi	Islamisme^[5] Deobandi^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Pashtunwali^[6]^[10]^[11]^[12]
Sekutu	Negara Sekutu Pakistan (sampai 2001, tertuduh saat ini, ditolak)^[13]^[14] Qatar (tertuduh)^[15]^[16]^[17] Iran (tertuduh)^[18]^[19]^[20] Tiongkok (tertuduh)^[21]^[22] Rusia (tertuduh oleh Amerika Serikat, ditolak)^[23] Arab Saudi (tertuduh sampai 2013)^[24]^[17] Sekutu Bukan Negara Jaringan Haqqani al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Taiba^[25] Jaish-e-Mohammed^[25] Harkat-ul-Mujahideen^[25] Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (2004–2007, 2009, sejak 2017)^[26]^[27]^[28] Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin^[29] (sampai 2016)^[30] Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan (faksi anti-ISIL)^[31]^[32]
Lawan	Negara Lawan Afganistan^[33] India ^[34] Amerika Serikat Britania Raya NATO ^[35] ISAF Lawan Bukan Negara NIIS - Propinsi Khorasan^[36]^[37]^[38] Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan (faksi pendukung ISIL)^[39] Jamiat-e Islami^[40] Junbish-i-Milli^[40] Hezbe Wahdat^[41]
Pertempuran dan perang	Perang Saudara Afganistan, Perang di Afganistan, dan Perang Waziristan