Tanda Lembut (Kiril)

Tanda lembut (Ь, ь, italik Ь, ь) atau juga dikenal sebagai yer depan, jer depan, atau er malak (lit. "er kecil") adalah huruf dari Alfabet Kiril. Dalam Bahasa Slavonik Gerejawi Kuno, itu melambangkan sebuah pendek (atau "reduced") vokal depan. As with its companion, yer belakang ⟨ъ⟩, vokal Fonem that it designated was later partly dropped and partly merged dengan vokal lain.

Huruf Kiril Tanda lembut
Penggunaan Fonetis:	[◌ʲ]
Alfabet Kiril
Huruf Slavia
А А́ А̀ А̂ А̄ Ӓ Б В Г Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Е́ È Е̂ Ё Є Ж З З́ Ѕ И И́ Ѝ И̂ Й І Ї Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О Ō П Р С С́ Т Ћ Ќ У У́ У̀ У̂ Ӯ Ў Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
Huruf non-Slavia
Ӑ А̊ А̃ Ӓ̄ Ӕ Ә Ә́ Ә̃ Ӛ В̌ Ғ Г̑ Г̣ Г̌ Ҕ Ӻ Ғ̌ Ӷ Д̌ Д̣ Д̆ Ӗ Е̄ Е̃ Ё̄ Є̈ Ӂ Җ Ӝ Ҙ Ӟ З̌ З̱ З̣ Ԑ Ԑ̈ Ӡ Ӣ И̃ Ҋ Ӥ Қ Ӄ Ҡ Ҟ Ҝ К̣ Ԛ Ӆ Ԯ Ԓ Ӎ Ӊ Ң Ԩ Ӈ Ҥ О́ О̀ О̆ О̂ О̃ Ӧ Ӧ̄ Ө Ө̄ Ө́ Ө̆ Ӫ Ҩ Ԥ Р̌ Ҏ Ҫ С̣ С̱ Т̌ Т̣ Ҭ У̃ Ӱ Ӱ́ Ӱ̄ Ӳ Ү Ү́ Ұ Х̣ Х̱ Х̮ Х̑ Ҳ Ӽ Ӿ Һ Һ̈ Ԧ Ҵ Ҷ Ӵ Ӌ Ҹ Ҽ Ҿ Ы̆ Ы̄ Ӹ Ҍ Э̆ Э̄ Э̇ Ӭ Ӭ́ Ӭ̄ Ю̆ Ю̈ Ю̈́ Ю̄ Я̆ Я̄ Я̈ Я̈́ Ԝ Ӏ
Huruf Kuno atau tidak digunakan
Ꙁ Ꙃ Ꙅ Ꙇ Ꙉ Ҁ Ѻ ОУ Ꙋ Ѡ Ѽ Ꙍ Ѿ Ꙏ Ѣ Ꙑ Ꙓ Ꙕ Ꙗ Ѥ Ѧ Ꙙ Ѫ Ꙛ Ѩ Ꙝ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ѷ Ԙ Ꙟ Ꙡ Ꙣ Ꙥ Ꙧ Ꙩ Ꙫ Ꙭ ꙮ Ꚙ Ꚛ Ԁ Ԕ Ԗ Ԡ Ԣ Ҧ Ꚋ Ꚁ Ꚅ Ꚍ Ꚕ Ꚏ Ꚗ Ꚃ Ԃ Ԅ Ԉ Ԋ Ԍ Ԏ Ԇ Ꚑ Ꚉ Ꚇ Ꚓ Ԟ Ԫ Ԭ Г̧ Г̄
Daftar huruf Kiril Digraf Kiril

Dalam modern Sirilik writing systems (all East Slavic languages and Bulgarian and Church Slavic), it does not represent an individual sound but indicates palatalization of the preceding consonant.

Penggunaan dan arti

Tanda Palatalisasi

Artikel utama: Palatalisasi (fonetik)

Tanda lembut secara normal tertuliskan setelah sebuah Konsonan dan indikasi menjadi Lembut (Palatalisasi). Less commonly, the soft sign just has a grammatically determined usage with no phonetic meaning (like bahasa Rusia: туш 'fanfare' and тушь 'India ink', both pronounced [tuʂ] but different in grammatical gender and declension). In East Slavic languages and some other Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian), there are some consonants that do not have phonetically different palatalized forms but corresponding letters still admit the affixing soft sign.

Abjad Kiril Serbia has had no soft sign as a distinct letter since the mid-19th century: palatalization is represented by special consonant letters instead of the sign (some of these letters, such as ⟨Њ⟩ atau ⟨Љ⟩, were designed as ligatures with the grapheme of the soft sign). The modern Macedonian alphabet, based on the Serbian Cyrillic variant, has had no soft sign since its creation, in 1944.

Sebelum sebuah vokal dalam Bahasa Slavia Timur

Between a consonant and a vowel, the soft sign bears also a function of "iotation sign": in Russian, vowels after the soft sign are iotated (compare Russian льют [lʲjut] '(they) pour/cast' and лют [lʲut] '(he is) fierce'). The feature, quite consistent with Russian orthography, promulgated a confusion between palatalization and iotation, especially because ⟨ь⟩ usually precedes so-called soft vowels. Combinations ⟨ья⟩ (ya), ⟨ье⟩ (ye), ⟨ьё⟩ (yo) and ⟨ью⟩ (yu) give iotated vowels, like corresponding vowel letters in isolation (and word-initially), and unlike its use immediately after a consonant letter in which palatalization can occur but not iotation. In those cases, ⟨ь⟩ may be considered as a sign indicating that a vowel after it is pronounced separately from the previous consonant, but that is the case neither for ⟨ьи⟩ (yi) nor for ⟨ьо⟩ (yo), because these vowels are not iotated in isolation. The latter case, though, is rarely used in Russian (only in loanwords such as ⟨бульон⟩) and can be seen as a replacement of phonetically identical ⟨ьё⟩, which gets rid of an "inconvenient" letter ⟨ё⟩. In Ukrainian and Bulgarian, the spelling ⟨ьо⟩ indicates palatalization, not iotation.

⟨ъ⟩, an "unpalatalization sign", also denotes iotation, as in the case of ⟨ъя⟩, ⟨ъе⟩, ⟨ъё⟩ and ⟨ъю⟩ in Russian.

Similarly, the soft sign may denote iotation in Belarusian and Ukrainian, but it is not used so extensively as in Russian. Ukrainian uses a quite different repertoire of vowel letters from those of Russian and Belarusian, and iotation is usually expressed by an apostrophe in Ukrainian. Still the soft sign is used in Ukrainian if the sound followed by an iotated vowel is palatized.

Dalam Bulgaria

Among Slavic languages, the soft sign has the most limited use in Bulgarian: since 1945, the only possible position is one between consonants and ⟨о⟩ (such as in names Жельо, Кръстьо, and Гьончо).

As a vowel in Slavistic

In Slavistic transcription, Ь and Ъ are used to denote Proto-Slavic extra-short sounds /ĭ/ and /ŭ/ respectively (slověnьskъ adj. 'Slavonic'), like Old Slavonic orthography.

Аь

The soft sign does not occur after vowels in Slavic languages, but the ⟨аь⟩ digraph for [æ] or [a] was introduced to some non-Slavic Cyrillic-based alphabets such as Chechen, Ingush and various Dagestanian languages such as Tabasaran. Similarly, the ⟨оь⟩ digraph was introduced for [œ] or [ø], and ⟨уь⟩ for [y], plus iotated forms such as ⟨юь⟩ and ⟨яь⟩ as required. This use of ь is similar to a trailing e as used in, for example, German, when umlauts are unavailable (cf. Goethe).

There were proposals to use the same for Turkic languages, as a replacement to Cyrillic Schwa (Ә) for [ə] or /æ/. Unlike Schwa, which is not represented in many Cyrillic character repertoires such as Windows-1251, both ⟨а⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ are readily available as letters of the basic modern Russian alphabet.

As a modifier letter

Along with the hard sign and the palochka, the soft sign is a modifier letter in Caucasian languages and Crimean Tatar. Its function is to create a new sound, such as i.e. гь, which is used in Avar, Archi, and Tabasaran to denote /h/.

Representasi

Under normal orthographic rules, it has no uppercase form, as no word begins with the letter. However, Cyrillic type fonts normally provide an uppercase form for setting type in all caps or for using it as an element of various serial numbers (like series of Soviet banknotes) and indices (for example, there was once a model of old Russian steam locomotives marked "Ь" – ru:Паровоз Ь).

In the romanization of Cyrillic, the soft sign is typically transliterated with a modifier prime symbol ⟨ʹ⟩ (ʹ). Sometimes a modifier letter apostrophe ⟨ʼ⟩ (ʼ) is used, or the soft sign may be ignored if it is in a position that it does not denote iotation: Тверь=Tver, Обь=Ob.

Dalam Belarusia

In Belarusian it is romanized as a combining acute, e.g., зь ⟨ź⟩, ць ⟨ć⟩, нь ⟨ń⟩, ль ⟨ĺ⟩.

Nama dari huruf

• bahasa Belarus: мяккі знак, har. 'soft sign', pelafalan bahasa Belarusia: [mʲak.kʲi znak]
• bahasa Bulgaria: ер малък, Pengucapan Bulgaria: [er ˈma.lək], the hard sign ⟨ъ⟩ being named bahasa Bulgaria: ер голям
• bahasa Slavonia Gerejawi Kuno: єрь, translit. yer'
  • bahasa Slavonia Gerejawi Kuno: ѥрь, translit. yerĭ, dengan arti yang tidak diketahui
• bahasa Kirgiz: ичкертүү белгиси
• bahasa Rusia: мягкий знак, har. 'soft sign', pengucapan bahasa Rusia: [ˈmʲæxʲ.kʲɪj znak] or (archaic, mostly pre-1917 name) bahasa Rusia: ерь [jerʲ]
• bahasa Serbia: tanko jer / танко јер, atau simpel bahasa Serbia: je / јер, the hard sign ⟨ъ⟩ being named bahasa Serbia: debelo jer / дебело јер or bahasa Serbia: jor / јор
• bahasa Ukraina: м’який знак, pengucapan bahasa Ukraina: [mja.ˈkɪj znak]
• bahasa Uzbek: yumshatish belgisi

Huruf terkait

• Latin letter B, which lowercase letter is nearly identical
• Ъ ъ : Cyrillic letter Hard sign
• Ҍ ҍ : Cyrillic letter Semisoft sign
• Ѣ ѣ : Cyrillic letter Yat
• Ы ы : Cyrillic letter Yery
• Љ љ : Cyrillic letter Lje
• Њ њ : Cyrillic letter Nje
• ,  : I with bowl
• Й and Ј, Cyrillic letters

Computing codes

Informasi karakter

Pratayang	Ь		ь
Nama Unicode	CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN
Pengodean	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1068	U+042C	1100	U+044C
UTF-8	208 172	D0 AC	209 140	D1 8C
Referensi karakter numerik	Ь	Ь	ь	ь
Referensi karakter bernama	Ь		ь
KOI8-R and KOI8-U	248	F8	216	D8
Code page 855	238	EE	237	ED
Code page 866	156	9C	236	EC
Windows-1251	220	DC	252	FC
ISO-8859-5	204	CC	236	EC
Macintosh Cyrillic	156	9C	252	FC