Bahasa Amami Ōshima Utara
salah satu bahasa Ryukyu Utara
Bahasa Amami Oshima Utara adalah suatu bahasa Ryukyu yang dituturkan di Amami Oshima dan kepulauan sekitarnya, Prefektur Kagoshima, Jepang.[1][5] Bahasa ini umumnya dianggap sebagai dialek utara dari bahasa Amami Oshima, selain dialek selatan.[1][5][6]
Menurut Ethnologue, ada 10.000 penutur bahasa Amami Ōshima Selatan,[6] sedangkan bahasa Amami Oshima Utara memiliki 1.800 penutur.[1] Dua dialek tersebut terancam punah, karena generasi muda menuturkan Bahasa Jepang Baku atau dialek bahasa Jepang setempat yang disebut sebagai Ton-futsūgo.[7][8]
Fonologi
Konsonan
| Dwibibir | Alveolar | Pasca- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glotal | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | |||||
| Sengau | mˀ | m | nˀ | n | ||||||||||||
| Letup | p˭ | b | tʰ | t˭ | d | kʰ | k˭ | ɡ | ʔ | |||||||
| Gesek | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʃ˭ | ||||||||||||||
| Frikatif | s | (z) | h | |||||||||||||
| Hampiran | j | w | ||||||||||||||
| Kepakan | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
Vokal
| Depan | Madya | Belakang | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tinggi | i | ɨ | u |
| Tengah | e | ɘ | o |
| Rendah | a |
Transkripsi
Berikut merupakan transkripsi bahasa Amami Oshima Utara di Naze, Kagoshima:
| /i/ | /ï/ | /e/ | /ë/ | /a/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ja/ | /jo/ | /ju/ | /wï/ | /wë/ | /wa/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /Ø/ | /i/ [ji] |
/ï/ [ï] |
/e/ [je] |
/a/ [a] |
/o/ [o] |
/u/ [wu] |
/ja/ [ja] |
/jo/ [jo] |
/ju/ [ju] |
(/wï/ [wï]) |
/wë/ [wë] |
/wa/ [wa] | |
| /ʔ/ | /ʔi/ [ʔi] |
/ʔe/ [ʔe] |
/ʔa/ [ʔa] |
/ʔo/ [ʔo] |
/ʔu/ [ʔu] |
/ʔja/ [ʔja] |
/ʔju/ [ʔju] |
/ʔwï/ [ʔwï] |
/ʔwa/ [ʔwa] | ||||
| /h/ | /hi/ [çi] |
/hë/ [hë] |
/ha/ [ha] |
/ho/ [ho] |
/hu/ [ɸu] |
/hja/ [ça] |
(/hjo/ [ço]) |
/hju/ [çu] |
/hwï/ [ɸï] |
/hwë/ [ɸë] |
|||
| /kʔ/ | /kʔi/ [kʔi] |
/kʔe/ [kʔe] |
/kʔë/ [kʔë] |
/kʔa/ [kʔa] |
/kʔo/ [kʔo] |
/kʔu/ [kʔu] |
/kʔja/ [kʔja] |
/kʔjo/ [kʔjo] |
/kʔju/ [kʔju] |
/kʔwë/ [kʔwë] |
/kʔwa/ [kʔwa] | ||
| /k/ | /ki/ [ki] |
/kï/ [kï] |
/ke/ [ke] |
/kë/ [kë] |
/ka/ [ka] |
/ko/ [ko] |
/ku/ [ku] |
/kja/ [kja] |
/kjo/ [kjo] |
/kju/ [kju] |
/kwë/ [kwë] |
(/kwa/ [kwa]) | |
| /g/ | /gi/ [gi] |
/gï/ [gï] |
/ge/ [ge] |
/gë/ [gë] |
/ga/ [ga] |
/go/ [go] |
/gu/ [gu] |
/gja/ [gja] |
/gjo/ [gjo] |
/gju/ [gju] |
/gwa/ [gwa] | ||
| /tʔ/ | /tʔi/ [tʔi] |
/tʔï/ [tʔï] |
(/tʔe/ [tʔe]) |
/tʔë/ [tʔë] |
/tʔa/ [tʔa] |
/tʔo/ [tʔo] |
/tʔu/ [tʔu] |
||||||
| /t/ | /ti/ [ti] |
/tï/ [tï] |
/te/ [te] |
/të/ [të] |
/ta/ [ta] |
/to/ [to] |
/tu/ [tu] |
||||||
| /d/ | /di/ [di] |
/dï/ [dï] |
(/de/ [de]) |
/dë/ [dë] |
/da/ [da] |
/do/ [do] |
/du/ [du] |
||||||
| /cʔ/ | /cʔi/ [tʔʃi] |
/cʔï/ [tʔsï] |
(/cʔe/ [tʔse]) |
(/cʔa/ [tʔsa]) |
/cʔu/ [tʔsu] |
/cʔja/ [tʔʃa] |
/cʔjo/ [tʔʃo] |
/cʔju/ [tʔʃu] |
|||||
| /c/ | /ci/ [tʃi] |
(/cï/ [tsï]) |
(/ce/ [tʃe]) |
/cja/ [tʃa] |
/cjo/ [tʃo] |
/cju/ [tʃu] |
|||||||
| /s/ | /si/ [ʃi] |
/sï/ [sï] |
/se/ [se] |
/së/ [së] |
/sa/ [sa] |
/so/ [so] |
/su/ [su] |
/sja/ [ʃa] |
/sjo/ [ʃo] |
/sju/ [ʃu] |
|||
| /z/ | /zi/ [dʒi] |
/zï/ [dzï] |
/ze/ [dze] |
/zë/ [dzë] |
/za/ [dza] |
/zo/ [dzo] |
/zu/ [dzu] |
/zja/ [dʒa] |
/zjo/ [dʒo] |
/zju/ [dʒu] |
|||
| /r/ [12] |
/ri/ [ɾi] |
/rï/ [ɾï] |
(/re/ [ɾe]) |
/rë/ [ɾë] |
/ra/ [ɾa] |
/ro/ [ɾo] |
/ru/ [ɾu] |
/rja/ [ɾja] |
/rjo/ [ɾju] |
/rju/ [ɾju] |
|||
| /nʔ/ | /nʔi/ [ɲʔi] |
/nʔa/ [nʔa] |
|||||||||||
| /n/ | /ni/ [ɲi] |
/nï/ [nï] |
/ne/ [ne] |
/në/ [në] |
/na/ [na] |
/no/ [no] |
/nu/ [nu] |
/nja/ [ɲa] |
/njo/ [ɲo] |
/nju/ [ɲu] |
|||
| /pʔ/ | /pʔi/ [pʔi] |
/pʔe/ [pʔe] |
/pʔë/ [pʔë] |
/pʔa/ [pʔa] |
/pʔo/ [pʔo] |
/pʔu/ [pʔu] |
/pʔjo/ [pʔjo] |
/pʔju/ [pʔju] |
|||||
| /b/ | /bi/ [bi] |
/bï/ [bï] |
/be/ [be] |
/bë/ [bë] |
/ba/ [ba] |
/bo/ [bo] |
/bu/ [bu] |
/bja/ [bja] |
/bjo/ [bjo] |
/bju/ [bju] |
|||
| /mʔ/ | /mʔa/ [mʔa] |
/mʔo/ [mʔo] |
|||||||||||
| /m/ | /mi/ [mi] |
/mï/ [mï] |
/më/ [më] |
/ma/ [ma] |
/mo/ [mo] |
/mu/ [mu] |
/mja/ [mja] |
/mjo/ [mjo] |
/mju/ [mju] |
||||
| Fonemik | /Q/ [p, t, k] | /N/ [m, n, ŋ] | |||||||||||
Lihat pula
Referensi
Catatan kaki
- ^ a b c d Amami Oshima Utara di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ryn.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Northern Amami-Oshima". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Bahasa Amami Ōshima Utara". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ a b "ams | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-25.
- ^ a b "ryn | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-25.
- ^ Heinrich, Patrick (2014-08-25). "Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues". The Japan Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-09-15.
- ^ Anderson, Mark (January 2019). "Studies of Ryukyu-substrate Japanese". Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics (dalam bahasa Inggris): 441–457. doi:10.4324/9781315213378-28. ISBN 9781315213378.
- ^ Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1976). "Amami hōgen no on'in 奄美方言の音韻". Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū 琉球方言音韻の研究 (dalam bahasa Jepang). hlm. 312–370.
- ^ Shigehisa Karimata (2015) "Ryukyuan languages: a grammar overview", in Heinrich, Miyara, & Shimoji (eds) Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
- ^ Nakamoto 1976, hlm. 314-320.
- ^ Nakamoto 1976, hlm. 319.
