Chelsea Manning
Chelsea Elizabeth Manning[5] (lahir 17 Desember 1987) adalah seorang tentara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat yang pada bulan Juli 2013 dijatuhi hukuman oleh pengadilan militer atas pelanggaran terhadap UU Spionase serta pelanggaran lainnya setelah ia diketahui membocorkan sekitar 750.000 dokumen rahasia dan dokumen penting negara kepada WikiLeaks.[6] Pada bulan Agustus 2013, Manning divonis 35 tahun penjara dengan izin pengajuan pembebasan bersyarat pada tahun kedelapan serta diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat dari Angkatan Darat AS.[2] Manning adalah seorang wanita transgender. Satu hari setelah dijatuhi vonisnya, Manning berkata bahwa ia merasa dirinya adalah perempuan semenjak kecil serta menyatakan keingininannya untuk dikenal sebagai Chlesea[7] dan memulai terapi penyulihan hormon.[8] Sejak awal masa hidupnya serta selama kariernya di militer, Manning dikenal sebagai Bradley. Ia menerima diagnosis gangguan identitas gender saat ia masih bertugas di Angkatan Darat AS.[9]
| Chelsea Manning | |
|---|---|
 Manning pada bulan Mei 2017 | |
| Lahir | Bradley Edward Manning 17 Desember 1987 Crescent, Oklahoma, Amerika Serikat |
| Kebangsaan | Amerika Serikat |
| Dikenal atas | Membocorkan dokumen rahasia untuk Wikileaks |
| Gugatan kejahatan | Spionase, pencurian benda milik pemerintah, pelanggaran terhadap UU Penipuan dan Penyalahgunaan Komputer, mengabaikan perintah[1] |
| Hukuman kriminal | 35 tahun penjara (dari grasi menjadi 7 tahun semenjak ditahan), penurunan pangkat menjadi prajurit (Prajurit E-1, PVT), penyitaan seluruh gaji dan tunjangan, pemberhentian dengan tidak hormat[2] |
| Karier militer | |
| Pengabdian |  Amerika Serikat |
| Dinas/cabang |  Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat |
| Lama dinas | 2007–2017[3] |
| Pangkat | Prajurit (E-1)[4] |
| Penghargaan |  National Defense Service Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Army Service Ribbon |
| Tanda tangan | |
 | |
| Penghargaan
| |
      | |
Pada tahun 2009, Manning ditugaskan di sebuah satuan angkatan darat di Irak sebagai penganalisis intelijen yang memungkinkannya untuk mengakses pusat data-data rahasia. Pada awal tahun 2010, ia membocorkan informasi rahasia ke WikiLeaks dan memberitahukannya kepada seorang teman Internetnya yaitu Adrian Lamo. Lamo kemudian melaporkannya kepada Badan Kontra Intelijen Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat dan Manning ditahan pada bulan Mei. Material yang diteruskan mencakup video serangan udara Baghdad 12 Juli 2007, serangan udara Granai 2009 di Afganistan, 251.287 pesan diplomatik AS,[10] dan 482.832 laporan angkatan darat yang kelak dikenal sebagai Catatan Perang Irak[11] dan Catatan Perang Afganistan.[12] Sebagian besar material ini dirilis oleh WikiLeaks atau rekan medianya antara April dan November 2010.[13]
Manning didakwa atas 22 pelanggaran, termasuk membantu musuh yang dapat membuatnya mendapatkan hukuman mati.[14] Ia ditahan di Marine Corps Brig, Quantico, Virginia sejak Juli 2010 sampai April 2011 dengan status Prevention of Injury, yang secara de facto mengharuskannya ditahan dalam sel soliter disertai dengan beberapa peraturan khusus lainnya yang memicu perhatian dari dalam AS dan luar negeri. Ia kemudian dipindahkan ke Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, tempat ia bisa berinteraksi dengan tahanan lain.[15] Ia mengaku bersalah atas 10 dakwaan kepada pengadilan pada bulan Februari 2013.[16] Pengadilan untuk dakwaan lainnya dimulai pada tanggal 3 Juni 2013 dan pada tanggal 30 Juli, Manning didakwa atas 17 dakwaan awal dan 4 dakwaan yang telah diubah namun ia tidak didakwa membantu musuh.[1] Pengadilan menjatuhkan Manning hukuman 35 tahun penjara di United States Disciplinary Barracks di Fort Leavenworth.[17]
Tindakan yang dilakukan Manning serta penangkapan sekaligus penahanannya menuai reaksi beragam. Denver Nicks, salah satu penulis biografi Manning, menyebutkan bahwa dokumen yang ia bocorkan, terutama soal pesan-pesan diplomatik, dianggap luas sebagai pemicu terjadinya Musim Semi Arab yang bermula pada Desember 2010. Ia juga menyebutkan bahwa Manning dipandang sebagai Tank Man abad ke-21 juga sebagai seorang pengkhianat yang selama ini telah memperoleh perlakuan buruk.[18] Reporters Without Borders mengutuk durasi hukuman yang dijatuhkan kepada Manning dan menyatakan bahwa hal ini menunjukkan betapa rentannya seorang whistleblower terhadap hukuman pidana.[19]
Presiden Barack Obama pada tanggal 17 Januari 2017 memberikan grasi terhadap Manning dengan mengganti hukumannya menjadi 7 tahun penjara dihitung sejak awal ia ditahan oleh pada Mei 2010. Manning dijadwalkan bebas pada 17 Mei 2017.[20]
Lihat pula
suntingCatatan
sunting- Catatan: Sumber yang dipakai berulang-ulang atau penting bagi artikel ini dipaparkan secara pendek di subbbagian ini, layaknya sebuah buku; untuk kutipan penuh sumber-sumber tersebut, lihat subbagian Referensi di bawah. Sumber lain dikutip penuh di subbagian ini.
- ^ a b Tate, J. dan Londoño, E. "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges", The Washington Post, 30 Juli 2013.
- Londoño, E.; Rolfe, R.; dan Tate, J. "Verdict in Bradley Manning case", The Washington Post, 30 Juli 2013.
- Savage, C. "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy", The New York Times, 30 Juli 2013.
- Pilkington, Ed. "Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges", The Guardian, 31 Juli 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."
- ^ a b Tate, Julie. "Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years", The Washington Post, 21 Agustus 2013.
- Pembebasan bersyarat setelah delapan tahun: Sledge, Matt. "Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures ",The Huffington Post, 21 Agustus 2013.
- ^ "If you have been convicted by a court-martial and are serving time in a military prison, you are still technically in the military." www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia Hentet 18. Januari 2017.
- ^ Lewis, Paul. "Bradley Manning given 35-year prison term for passing files to WikiLeaks", The Guardian, 21 Agustus 2013.
- ^ Londoño, Ernesto. "Convicted leaker Bradley Manning changes legal name to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2014.
- ^ Manning, Chelsea E (27 Mei 2015). "The years since I was jailed for releasing the 'war diaries' have been a rollercoaster". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015.
- ^ "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time.
- ^ Manning, Chelsea E. "The Next Stage of My Life", press release, 22 Agustus 2013: "As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. ... I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). ... Thank you, Chelsea E. Manning"
- Stamp, Scott. "Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman", NBC Today, 22 Agustus 2013.
- Blake, Aaron and Tate, Julie. "Bradley Manning comes out as transgender: 'I am a female'", The Washington Post, 22 Agustus 2013.
- Coombs, David. "Additional Clarification on PVT Manning's Request" Diarsipkan 2013-08-31 di Wayback Machine., The Law Offices of David E. Coombs, 26 Agustus 2013: "... PVT Manning, who has experienced gender dysphoria and gone through a process of gender questioning and exploration for years, announced that she would like to begin to be known publicly by the name of Chelsea Elizabeth Manning ..."
- Farrell, Henry; Finnemore, Martha (November–Desember 2013). "The End of Hypocrisy: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Leaks". Foreign Affairs. Diakses tanggal 26 Oktober 2013. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
Chelsea Manning, an army private then known as Bradley Manning, turned over hundreds of thousands of classified cables to the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks
- ^ Clark, Meredith (22 Agustus 2013). "'I am Chelsea Manning'". Diakses tanggal 28 Oktober 2013.
Dr. David Moulton, the forensic psychologist assigned to review Manning's case, said that Manning was suffering from gender identity disorder, a diagnosis supported by a military sanity board.
- ^ "Secret US Embassy Cables". WikiLeaks. 28 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015.
- ^ "Iraq War logs". WikiLeaks. 22 Oktober 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015.
- ^ "Afghan War diary". WikiLeaks. 25 Juli 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015.
- ^ Leigh dan Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211.
- Catatan Perang Irak dan Afghanistan: Nicks, 2012, p. 137.
- Pernyataan Manning soal dokumen tersebut Poulsen dan Zetter, 6 Juni 2010, Hansen, 13 Juli 2011, and Manning, 29 Januari 2013.
- ^ Nicks, 23 September 2010.
- Untuk dakwaan awal, lihat: "Soldier faces criminal charges", United States Division – Center, Media Release, 6 Juli 2010.
- Lihat pula "Charge sheet", The Washington Post.
- Untuk dakwaan lainnya lihat Miklaszewski, J. dan Kube, C. "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty", MSNBC, 2 Maret 2011.
- ^ Untuk surat dari beberapa ahli hukum soal Manning, lihat Ackerman, B. dan Benkler, Y. "Private Manning's Humiliation", The New York Review of Books. Diakses pada 5 April 2011 (lihat versi terkoreksinya di sini [1]).
- Untuk pemindahan penahanan, lihat "WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth", Associated Press, 20 April 2011.
- ^ "Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case" Diarsipkan 2013-10-29 di Wayback Machine., CBS News, 28 Februari 2013.
- ^ Hanna, J. "Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth", Associated Press, 21 Agustus 2013.
- ^ Sebagai perbandingan, lihat Nicks, 2012, p. 3 dan pp. 212–216.
- ^ "Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning" Diarsipkan 2013-08-21 di Wayback Machine., Reporters Without Borders, 21 Agustus 2013.
- ^ Savage, Charlie (17 Januari 2017). "Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 17 Januari 2017.
Referensi
sunting- Buku
- Brooke, Heather. The Revolution Will Be Digitised. William Heinemann, 2011.
- Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. Inside WikiLeaks. Doubleday, 2011.
- Fowler, Andrew. The Most Dangerous Man in the World. Skyhorse Publishing, 2011.
- Leigh, David and Harding, Luke. WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy. Guardian Books, 2011.
- Nicks, Denver. Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History. Chicago Review Press, 2012.
- Artikel penting
- Caesar, Ed. "Bradley Manning: Wikileaker", The Sunday Times, 19 December 2010; Diarsipkan 2013-05-14 di Wayback Machine. from the original on 7 April 2012.
- Fishman, Steve. "Bradley Manning’s Army of One", New York Magazine, 3 July 2011.
- Greenwald, Glenn. "The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks"[pranala nonaktif permanen], Salon, 18 June 2010.
- Last, Jonathan V. "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning" Diarsipkan 2013-05-15 di Wayback Machine., CBS News, 11 January 2011.
- Manning, Bradley. "Memorandum", released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011; archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
- Nakashima, Ellen. "Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?", The Washington Post, 4 May 2011; Diarsipkan 2011-06-22 di Wayback Machine. from the original on 7 April 2012.
- Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks", This Land, 23 September 2010.
- PBS Frontline. "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page", March 2011; Diarsipkan 2012-04-27 di Wayback Machine. from the original on 7 April 2011.
- Thompson, Ginger. "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case", The New York Times, 8 August 2010.
- Zetter, Kim. "Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop", Wired, 19 December 2011.
- Artikel penting tentang catatan obrolan Lamo-Manning, sesuai urutan waktu terbit
- Poulsen, Kevin. "Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s", Wired magazine, 20 May 2010.
- Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in WikiLeaks Video Probe", Wired magazine, 6 June 2010.
- Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. 'I Can't Believe What I'm Confessing to You': The WikiLeaks Chats", Wired magazine, 10 June 2010.
- Nakashima, Ellen. "Messages from alleged leaker Bradley Manning portray him as despondent soldier", The Washington Post, 10 June 2010.
- Greenwald, Glenn. Email exchange between Glenn Greenwald and Kevin Poulsen, 14–17 June 2010.
- Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe", Wired magazine, 16 June 2010.
- Xeni, Jardin. "WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs", Boing Boing, 19 June 2010.
- Greenwald, Glenn. "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired" Diarsipkan 2011-09-02 di Wayback Machine., Salon, 27 December 2010.
- Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs", Wired magazine, 28 December 2010.
- Greenwald, Glenn. "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs", Salon, 29 December 2010.
- Firedoglake. "Manning/WikiLeaks timeline", published as a complete version of the released excerpts, retrieved 14 March 2011; Diarsipkan 2012-03-27 di Wayback Machine. from the original on 28 March 2012.
- Hansen, Evan. "Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed", Wired magazine, 13 July 2011; Diarsipkan 2012-03-30 di Wayback Machine. from the original on 28 March 2012.
- Audio/video
- Smith, Martin. "The Private Life of Bradley Manning", PBS Frontline, 7 March 2011.
- "Interview with Brian Manning", PBS, 7 March 2011 (transcript)
- "Interview with Jordan Davis", PBS, 7 March 2011 (transcript)
- Smith, Teresa et al. "The madness of Bradley Manning?", The Guardian, 27 May 2011.
Bacaan lanjutan
sunting
- Artikel
- Khatchadourian, Raffi. "No Secrets", The New Yorker, 7 June 2010.
- The Guardian. "Afghanistan: The War Logs", retrieved 9 May 2012.
- The Guardian. "Iraq: The War Logs", retrieved 9 May 2012.
- The New York Times. "The War Logs, retrieved 9 May 2012.
- Wired. "Bradley Manning", retrieved 8 May 2012.
- Buku
- Assange, Julian and O'Hagan, Andrew. Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography. Canongate, 2011.
- Madar, Chase. The Passion of Bradley Manning. OR Books, 2012.
- Mitchell, Greg and Gosztola, Kevin. Truth and Consequences: The U.S. vs. Bradley Manning. Sinclair Books, 2012.
- Audio/video
- Broom, Kyle. "Prevention of Injury (POI)" Diarsipkan 2012-05-15 di Wayback Machine., a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in her letter to the army (Manning, 10 March 2011); also see ImDb, retrieved 8 April 2012.
- Democracy Now. Bradley Manning video archive Diarsipkan 2013-08-22 di Wayback Machine., 2011–present.
- Gavin, Patrick. "Celeb video: I am Bradley Manning", Politico, 19 June 2013.
- Gonzales, Juan and Goodman, Amy. "Glenn Greenwald on the Assange Extradition Ruling, the Jailing of Bradley Manning ...", Democracy Now!, 24 February 2011.
- Miller, Michelle. "Private", CBS News, 26 April 2012, interview with Denver Nicks, author of Private (2012), Manning's biography.
- Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning Speaks", This Land, 22 September 2010.
- Price, Tim. The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 (play), directed by John McGrath, "The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning" Diarsipkan 2012-06-04 di Wayback Machine., National Theatre Wales, 12–28 April 2012.
- Dokumen hukum
- "U.S. v Bradley Manning" Diarsipkan 2013-08-09 di Wayback Machine., scribd.com, retrieved 7 April 2012.
Pranala luar
sunting- Chelsea Manning di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
- Bradley Manning Support Network