Front Timur (Perang Dunia I)

Front Timur
	Bagian dari Perang Dunia I
	; Arah jarum jam dari kiri atas: Pegunungan Carpathian, 1915; Para prajurit Jerman di Kiev, Maret 1918; kapal Rusia Slava, Oktober 1917; infanteri Rusia, 1914; infanteri Rumania.
Tanggal	17 Agustus 1914 – 3 Maret 1918; (3 tahun, 6 bulan dan 2 minggu);
Lokasi	Eropa Tengah, Timur, & Tenggara
Hasil	Kemenangan Blok central Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Rusia yang berujung pada Revolusi Rusia; Traktat Brest-Litovsk (Ukraina), Traktat Brest-Litovsk (Rusia), Traktat Bucharest;
Pihak terlibat
Kekaisaran Jerman; Austria-Hungaria; Bulgaria (1916–17); Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah (1916–17);	Kekaisaran Rusia (1914–17); Republik Rusia (1917); Rumania (1916–18); RSFS Rusia (1918)
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Paul von Hindenburg; Erich Ludendorff; Leopold dari Bayern; Max Hoffmann; August von Mackensen; Conrad von Hötzendorf; Arthur Arz von Straußenburg; Nikola Zhekov;	Tsar Nikolas II; Adipati Agung Nikolas; Aleksei Brusilov; Lavr Kornilov; Nikolay Dukhonin; Ferdinand I; Nikolai Krylenko
Korban
1,600,000+; 317,100 – 800,000 tewas atau hilang; 3,510,000; 600,000 tewas; 1,810,000 luka-luka; 1,100,000 hilang atau ditangkap; 45,000; 10,000 ditangkap; 30,250; Total: ~5,200,000 korban	9,000,000+; 2,254,369 tewaS; 3,749,000 luka-luka; 3,343,900 ditangkap; 340,000; Total: ~9,500,000 korban

Front Timur Perang Dunia I (bahasa Rusia: Восточный фронт, yang terkadang disebut "Perang Tanah Air Kedua" atau "Perang Patriotik Kedua" (bahasa Rusia: Вторая Отечественная война) dalam sumber-sumber Rusia)^[11] adalah sebuah teater operasi yang meliputi antara Kekaisaran Rusia dan Rumania di satu sisi dan Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria, Bulgaria, Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah dan Kekaisaran Jerman di sisi yang lain. Teater tersebut membentang dari Laut Baltik di bagian utara sampai Laut Hitam di bagian selatan, termasuk sebagian besar Eropa Timur dan juga meliputi Eropa Tengah Istilah tersebut kontras dengan "Front Barat", yang meliputi Belgia dan Prancis.

Pada bulan-bulan awal perang tersebut, Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Rusia mengupayakan sebuah invasi ke Prusia timur di teater barat laut, hanya untuk memukul balik Jerman setelah beberapa kesuksesan awalnya. Pada saat yang sama, di bagian selatan, mereka berhasil menginvasi Galisia, mengalahkan pasukan Austria-Hungaria disana.^[12] Di Polandia Rusia, Jerman gagal mengambil Warsawa.

Catatan sunting

^ «Sanitatsbericht fiber das Deutsche Heer... im Weltkriege 1914–1918», Bd. Ill, Berlin, 1934, S. 151. 149,418 casualties in 1914, 663,739 in 1915, 383,505 in 1916, 238,581 in 1917, 33,568 in 1918. Note: the document notes that records for some armies are incomplete.
^ Churchill, W. S. (1923–1931). The World Crisis (Odhams 1938 ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth. Page 558. Diarsipkan 2023-07-26 di Wayback Machine. Total German casualties for "Russia and all other fronts" (aside from the West) are given as 1,693,000 including 517,000 dead.
^ Austro-Hungarian Casualties. Diarsipkan 2015-10-21 di Wayback Machine. Total casualties during the war, including the Italian and Balkan fronts, were 1.2 million confirmed killed, 3.62 million wounded, and 2.2 million missing or captured. The Eastern Front accounted for about 50% of these.
^ Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to die : a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War, pg. 147. Total casualties of 20,000 are given for the VI Army Corps in Romania.
^ Atlı, Altay (25 September 2008). "Campaigns, Galicia". turkesywar.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Total casualties of 25,000 are given for the XV Army Corps in Galicia.
^ Yanikdag, Yucel (2013). Healing the Nation: Prisoners of War, Medicine and Nationalism in Turkey, 1914-1939. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780748665785.
^ Министерство на войната (1939), pp. 677 (dalam bahasa Bulgaria)
^ Симеонов, Радослав, Величка Михайлова и Донка Василева. Добричката епопея. Историко-библиографски справочник, Добрич 2006, с. 181 (in Bulgarian
^ Кривошеев Г.Ф. Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. М., 2001 – Потери русской армии, табл. 52, Krivosheeva, G.F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei. Moscow: OLMA-Press See Tables 52 & 56]. Total 9,347,269 orang ini merujuk kepada korban-korban Rusia pada seluruh front termasuk Kampanye Balkan dan Kampanye Kaukasus; meskipun kebanyakan dari mereka menjadi korban pada Front Timur.
^ Cox, Michael; Ellis, John (2001). The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the Combatants. London: Aurum Press.
^ Moore, Colleen M. (2009). "Demonstrations and Lamentations: Urban and Rural Responses to War in Russia in 1914". The Historian. 71 (3): 555–575 [p. 563]. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00245.x.
^ World War I — 1914 Opening Campaigns Diarsipkan 2015-04-03 di Wayback Machine. Kennedy Hickman.

Referensi sunting

Trevelyan, George Macaulay (June 1915). "Austria-Hungary and Serbia". The North American Review 201 (715): 860–868.
Mamatey, Albert (Oct. 1915). "The Situation in Austria-Hungary". The Journal of Race Development 6 (2): 203–217.
Williamson Jr., Samuel R. (1991). Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Mason, John W. (1985). The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918. London: Longman Group Limited.
Miller, William (1922). The Balkans: Roumania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro. London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd.
Hitchins, Keith (1994). Rumania: 1866–1947. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stone, David (2015). The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700620951.
Mosier, John (2002). The Myth of the Great War. New York: Perennial.
Goldman, Wendy Z. (2002). Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin's Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coroban, Costel (2012). Potarnichile gri. Spitalele Femeilor Scotiene in Romania (1916–1917). Targoviste: Cetatea de Scaun.
Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt; Onacewicz, Wlodzimiez (1967). Triumphs and Tragedies in the East, 1915–1917. The Military History of World War I. 4. New York: Franklin Watts. hlm. 31. LCCN 67010130.
A. Zaitsov (1933). "armed forces". Dalam Malevskiī-Malevīch, Petr Nīkolaevīch. Russia U.S.S.R. : a complete handbook. New York: William Farquhar Payson. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601821.
Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). Essential Histories: The First World War, The Eastern Front 1914–1918. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Lieven, Dominic (1983). Russia and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312696115.
Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel (2000). War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66157-9.
Stone, Norman (2004) [1975]. The Eastern Front 1914–1917. Penguin Global. ISBN 0-14-026725-5.
Kowalski, Ronald (1997). The Russian Revolution 1917–1921. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12437-9.
Dyboski, Roman (1922). Siedem lat w Rosji i na Syberji, 1915–1921 (dalam bahasa Polish) (edisi ke-Cherry Hill Books 1970 translation). Warsaw: Gebethner i Wolff. OCLC 500586245.
Snow, Edgar (1933). Far Eastern Front. New York: Harrison Smith & Robert Haas. OCLC 1318490.
McCauley, Martin (1975). The Russian Revolution and The Soviet State 1917–1921. London: Macmillan.
Roshwald, Aviel; Stites, Richard, eds. (1999). European Culture in the Great War:The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda 1914-1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6,349–358.
Oxana Nagornaja, Jeffrey Mankoff (2009). "United by Barbed Wire: Russian POWs in Germany, National Stereotypes, and International Relations". Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 10 (3): 475–498. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Vinogradov, V.N (1992). "Romania in the First World War: The Years of Neutrality, 1914-16." The International History Review 14 (3): 452-461.
Gatrell, Peter (2005). "Prisoners of War on the Eastern Front during World War I". Kritika 6 (3): 557–566. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Tucker, Spencer C. (1998). The Great War 1914-18. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 220–223.

Pranala luar sunting

"WWI Eastern Front Foto". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2017-01-07 – via Flickr.
"WWI Eastern Front Part II". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-01-07 – via Flickr.
With the Russian army, 1914–1917 by Alfred Knox
War And Revolution In Russia 1914–1917 by General Basil Gourko.
WWI German Military Cemeteries in Belarus Diarsipkan 2021-03-07 di Wayback Machine. modern photos by Andrey Dybowski (rus).
Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine Diarsipkan 2019-03-21 di Wayback Machine. (The advance of Flight Squadron 27 in the Ukraine). This portfolio Diarsipkan 2020-08-10 di Wayback Machine., comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages, is a photo-documentary of the German occupation and military advances through the southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918.

[1] «Sanitatsbericht fiber das Deutsche Heer... im Weltkriege 1914–1918», Bd. Ill, Berlin, 1934, S. 151. 149,418 casualties in 1914, 663,739 in 1915, 383,505 in 1916, 238,581 in 1917, 33,568 in 1918. Note: the document notes that records for some armies are incomplete.

[2] Churchill, W. S. (1923–1931). The World Crisis (Odhams 1938 ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth. Page 558. Diarsipkan 2023-07-26 di Wayback Machine. Total German casualties for "Russia and all other fronts" (aside from the West) are given as 1,693,000 including 517,000 dead.

[3] Austro-Hungarian Casualties. Diarsipkan 2015-10-21 di Wayback Machine. Total casualties during the war, including the Italian and Balkan fronts, were 1.2 million confirmed killed, 3.62 million wounded, and 2.2 million missing or captured. The Eastern Front accounted for about 50% of these.

[4] Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to die : a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War, pg. 147. Total casualties of 20,000 are given for the VI Army Corps in Romania.

[5] Atlı, Altay (25 September 2008). "Campaigns, Galicia". turkesywar.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Total casualties of 25,000 are given for the XV Army Corps in Galicia.

[Yanikdag-6] Yanikdag, Yucel (2013). Healing the Nation: Prisoners of War, Medicine and Nationalism in Turkey, 1914-1939. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780748665785.

[7] Министерство на войната (1939), pp. 677 (dalam bahasa Bulgaria)

[8] Симеонов, Радослав, Величка Михайлова и Донка Василева. Добричката епопея. Историко-библиографски справочник, Добрич 2006, с. 181 (in Bulgarian

[9] Кривошеев Г.Ф. Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. М., 2001 – Потери русской армии, табл. 52, Krivosheeva, G.F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei. Moscow: OLMA-Press See Tables 52 & 56]. Total 9,347,269 orang ini merujuk kepada korban-korban Rusia pada seluruh front termasuk Kampanye Balkan dan Kampanye Kaukasus; meskipun kebanyakan dari mereka menjadi korban pada Front Timur.

[10] Cox, Michael; Ellis, John (2001). The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the Combatants. London: Aurum Press.

[11] Moore, Colleen M. (2009). "Demonstrations and Lamentations: Urban and Rural Responses to War in Russia in 1914". The Historian. 71 (3): 555–575 [p. 563]. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00245.x.

[12] World War I — 1914 Opening Campaigns Diarsipkan 2015-04-03 di Wayback Machine. Kennedy Hickman.

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