Kepresidenan Madras

Kepresidenan Madras, yang bernama resmi Kepresidenan Benteng St. George dan juga dikenal sebagai Provinsi Madras, adalah sebuah subdivisi administratif (kepresidenan) di India Britania. Pada masa kejayaannya, kepresidenan tersebut meliputi kebanyakan wilayah selatan India, yang meliputi wilayah pada masa sekarang dari negara bagian India Tamil Nadu dan Andhra Pradesh dan sebagian dari Odisha, Kerala dan Karnataka dan wilayah persatuan Lakshadweep. Kota Madras adalah ibu kota musim dingin dari Kepresidenan tersebut dan Ootacamund atau Ooty adalah ibu kota musim panas-nya. Pulau Ceylon menjadi bagian dari Kepresidenan Madras dari 1793 sampai 1798 ketika kepresidenan tersebut dijadikan sebagai koloni mahkota.

Kepresidenan Madras மெட்ராஸ் மாகாணம் మద్రాస్ రాష్ట్రభాగము
Kepresidenan di India Britania
1652–1950
Panji daerah
Kepresidenan Madras pada 1913
Sejarah
Era sejarah	Imperialisme Baru
• Didirikan	1652
• Agensi Benteng St George di Madraspatnam menjadi Kepresidenan Madras	1684
• Kepresidenan Surat	1950
Didahului oleh Digantikan oleh Kepresidenan Bantam Kepresidenan Surat Kepresidenan Surat Negara Bagian Madras

Kolonial India

Entitas kekaisaran di India
India Belanda	1605–1825
India Denmark	1620–1869
India Prancis	1769–1954
India Portugis (1505–1961)
Casa da Índia	1434–1833
Perusahaan India Timur Portugis	1628–1633
India Britania (1612–1947)
Perusahaan India Timur	1612–1757
Kekuasaan perusahaan di India	1757–1858
Kemaharajaan Britania	1858–1947
Kekuasaan Britania di Burma	1824–1948
Negara-negara kepangeranan	1721–1949
Partisi India	1947

Setelah reformasi Montague-Chelmsford pada 1919, Madras menjadi provinsi pertama dari India Britania untuk mengimplementasikan sistem diarki, dan setelah itu Gubernur-nya memerintah bersama dengan seorang perdana menteri. Pada awal dekade abad ke-20, beberapa kontributor signifikan dari gerakan kemerdekaan India berasal dari Madras. Dengan adanya kemerdekaan India pada 15 Agustus 1947, Kepresidenan tersebut dibubarkan. Madras kemudian dijadikan sebagai Negara Bagian Madras, sebuah negara bagian dari India Serikat dan peresmian Republik India pada 26 Januari 1950, dan direorganisir pada 1956.

Asal muasal

Sebelum kedatangan Inggris

Penemuan dolmen-dolmen di wilayah subbenua tersebut menunjukan bahwa wilayah tersebut telah ditinggal sejak awal Zaman Batu. Penguasa berpengaruh pertama dari bagian utara yang kelak menjadi Kepresidenan tersebut adalah dinasti Satawahana Telugu (230 SM - 102 Masehi). Setelah perpecahan kerajaan Satawahana di Andhra dan Chola di Tamil Nadu, negara tersebut ditaklukan suku bangsa ras kecil yang disebut Kalabhra. Negara tersebut kembali ditaklukan dibawah kekuasaan dinasti Pallawa dan peradaban-nya memuncak pada masa kekuasaan Chola dan Pandya. Antara 1685 dan 1947, sejumlah raja menguasai wilayah yang kemudian menjadi bagian dari Kepresidenan Madras.

Sejarah

Artikel utama: Sejarah Kepresidenan Madras

Stringer Lawrence yang mendirikan Angkatan Darat Madras dengan Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, Nawab Karnatik

Koin Kepresidenan Madras, 1803

Daftar pustaka

Publikasi pemerintahan

• British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society (1841). Slavery and the slave trade in British India: with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, drawn from official documents. T. Ward, and to be had at the office of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery society. 
• C. D., MaClean (1877). Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency. Government of Madras. 
• Great Britain India Office (1905). The India List and India Office List. London: Harrison and Sons. 
• Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1908). The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908. Clarendon Press. 
• Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways. Madras: South Indian Railway Company. 1926. 
• Madras District Gazetteers
• Raghavaiyangar, Srinivasa (1893). Memorandum of progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British Administration. Government of Madras. 
• Slater, Gilbert (1918). Economic Studies Vol I:Some South Indian villages. 
• Talboys-Wheeler, James (1862). Hand-book to the cotton cultivation in the Madras presidency. J. Higginbotham and Pharaoh and Co. 
• Talboys-Wheeler, James (1996). Being a History of the Presidency from the First Foundation of Fort St. George to the Occupation of Madras by the French (1639–1748). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120605535. 
• Tercentenary Madras Staff (1939). Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume. Oxford Press. 
• Thurston, Edgar (1913). Provincial Geographies of India:The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and Associated States. Cambridge University. 
• Thurston, Edgar; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. I to VII. Government of Madras. ISBN 0-520-04315-4. 

Publikasi lainnya

• A., Vadivelu (1903). The Aristocracy of South India. Vest & Co. 
• Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford University. 
• Besant, Annie (1915). How India Wrought for freedom. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House. 
• Christophers, S. R. (1927). The Indian Empire Souvenir. Executive Committee of the Congress. 
• Codrington, Humphry William (1926). A Short history of Lanka. Macmillan & Co. 
• Dodd, George (1859). The history of the Indian revolt and of the expeditions to Persia, China, and Japan, 1856 – 7 – 8: With maps, plans, and wood engrav. [Umschlagt.:] Chambers"s history of the revolt in India. W. U. R. Chambers. 
• F. E., Penny; Lady Lawley (1914). Southern India. A. C. Black. 
• Finnemore, John (1917). Peeps at many lands: Home Life in India. London: A. & C. Black, Ltd. 
• G. F., Major MacMunn; Major A. C. Lovett (1911). The Armies of India. Adam and Charles Black. 
• Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 
• Mazumdar, Amvika Charan (1917). Indian National Evolution. Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co. 
• Newell, Herbert Andrews (1919). Madras, the Birth Place of British India: An Illustrated Guide with Map. The Madras Times Printing and Publishing. 
• Pirie, A. H. (1883). Indian Students Geography. Methodist Episcopal Church Press. 
• Playne, Somerset; J. W. Bond; Arnold Wright (1914). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. 
• Price, Thomas (1837). Slavery in America: With Notices of the Present State of Slavery and the Slave Trade Throughout the World. Oxford University. 
• S. H., Steinberg (1950). The Statesman's Yearbook 1950. London: Macmillan and Co. 
• Some Madras Leaders. Babu Bhishambher Nath Bhargava. 1922. 
• T., Osborne (1765). The Modern part of a universal history from the Earliest Account of Time, Vol XLIII. London: Oxford University. 

Publikasi kontemporer

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• B., Anitha (1998). Quality of Work Life in Commercial Banks. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 81-7141-431-1. 
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Pranala luar

• Koin-koin Kepresidenan Madras