Italia-Amerika Serikat

Italia Amerika (tunggal: italoamericano, jamak: italoamericani), adalah warga Amerika Serikat keturunan Italia, juga dapat merujuk kepada seseorang yang memiliki kewarganegaraan ganda Italia dan Amerika. Italia Amerika adalah kelompok etnis Eropa terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat (tidak termasuk mereka yang menyebut komunitas mereka sebagai orang Amerika, etnonim yang digunakan oleh banyak orang di Amerika Serikat). Secara keseluruhan, kelompok Italia Amerika menempati peringkat tujuh di bawah warga keturunan Jerman, Irlandia, Afrika Amerika, Inggris, Amerika dan Meksiko.

Italia Amerika

Italia Amerika yang terkenal: Fiorello La Guardia · Francesca Cabrini · Frank Sinatra Joe DiMaggio · Nancy Pelosi · Samuel Alito Rudy Giuliani · Geraldine Ferraro · Enrico Fermi
Jumlah populasi
16.549.022 (2020) 5.1% dari total penduduk A.S
Bahasa
Inggris · Italia · Sisilia · Napoli, dialek Italia lain
Agama
Katolik Roma, dengan Protestan dan minoritas Yahudi.
Kelompok etnik terkait
Orang Italia, Italia Kanada, Italia Argentina, Italia Brazil, Italia Meksiko, Italia Australia, Italia Britania

Sekitar 5,5 juta orang dari Italia berimigrasi ke AS 1820-2004. Gelombang terbesar imigrasi terjadi pada periode antara 1880 dan 1920, membawa lebih dari 4 juta orang Italia ke Amerika. Sekitar 80% dari imigran Italia berasal dari Italia Selatan, terutama dari Sisilia dan Napoli, bekas Kerajaan Dua Sisilia. Wilayah ini terutama di pedesaan, mengalami kelebihan penduduk dan ekonomi terbelakang, sedikit manfaat dari proses industrialisasi yang lebih terkonsentrasi di bagian utara negara itu setelah penyatuan Italia. Pemerintah Italia bahkan mendorong emigrasi petani tak bertanah untuk meringankan tekanan ekonomi di Italia Selatan. Di Amerika Serikat, orang-orang Italia yang pada awalnya memulai kehidupan baru mereka sebagai pekerja manual dan tidak terampil. Warga Italia Amerika bertahap berpindah status sosial dari tangga yang lebih rendah di awal 1900-an ke tingkat yang sebanding dengan rata-rata nasional pada tahun 1970. Masyarakat Italia Amerika pada umumnya ditandai dengan hubungan yang kuat dengan keluarga, Gereja Katolik, lembaga komunitas dan partai politik. Hari ini, lebih dari 17,8 juta orang Amerika mengaku memiliki keturunan Italia.

Pengalaman orang Italia dan keturunan mereka di Amerika sangat bervariasi, tergantung pada wilayah yang mereka berimigrasi, dan era di mana mereka berimigrasi. Mereka membantu membentuk Amerika dan, pada gilirannya, dibentuk olehnya. Tidak ada identitas umum dibagi oleh semua orang Amerika Italia, melainkan, mereka adalah sebagai beragam seperti penduduk Amerika itu sendiri. Mereka unggul dalam semua bidang usaha, dan telah menjadi terkenal dalam politik, bisnis, hukum, kedokteran, televisi, sastra, pendidikan, seni rupa, seni kuliner, ilmu pengetahuan, militer, teknik, olahraga, musik, dan hiburan.

Bibliografi

• Baily, Samuel L. Immigrants in the Lands of Promise: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914 (1999) Online in ACLS History E-book Project
• Barton, Josef J. Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians, and Slovaks in an American City, 1890-1950 (1975). 217 pp. on Cleveland
• Bayor, Ronald H. Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941 (1978)
• Bona, Mary Jo. Claiming a Tradition: Italian American Women Writers (1999) online edition
• Bonomo Albright, Carol and Christine Palamidessi Moore, ed. American Woman, Italian Style Fordham Press, 2011.
• Bonomo Albright, Carol and Joanna Clapps Herman, ed. Wild Dreams Fordham Press, 2008. Stories, memoirs, poems by and about Italian Americans.
• Candeloro, Dominic. "Suburban Italians" in Melvin G. Holli and Peter Jones, eds. Ethnic Chicago (1984) pp 239–68
• Cannistraro, Philip, and Richard Juliani, ed. Italian-Americans: The Search for a Usable Past (1989) Staten Island: The American Italian Historical Association
•  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Italians in the United States". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
• Cinel, Dino. From Italy to San Francisco: The Immigrant Experience (1982)
• Connell, William J. and Fred Gardaphé, eds., Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice (2010)
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• Demarco, William M. Ethnics and Enclaves: Boston's Italian North End (1981)
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• Diner, Hasia R. Hungering for America: Italian, Irish, and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration (2001). 292 pp.
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• Gabaccia, Donna R. From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930 (1984), New York
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• Gans, Herbert J. Urban Villagers (1982), sociological study
• Giordano, Paolo A. and Anthony Julian Tamburri, eds. Italian Americans in the Third Millennium: Social Histories and Cultural Representations (New York: American Italian Historical Association, 2009). 232 pp. ISBN 978-0-934675-58-1
• Guglielmo, Thomas A. White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 (2003) online edition
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• Gardaphe, Fred L. "Leaving Little Italy: Essaying Italian American Culture", Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2003.
• Evviva Baffo Pietro "Moustache Pete is Dead": ! (Italian American Oral Tradition Preserved in Print). W. Lafayette, IN: Bordighera, Inc., 1997.
• Giordano, Paolo A. and Anthony Julian Tamburri, eds. "Beyond the Margin: Essays on Italian Americana" (1998).
• Hobbie, Margaret. Italian American Material Culture: A Directory of Collections, Sites, and Festivals in the United States and Canada (1992) online edition
• Juliani, Richard N. The Social Organization of Immigration: The Italians in Philadelphia (1980) excerpt and text search
• Juliani, Richard N. Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians before Mass Migration (1998)
• Juliani, Richard N. Priest, Parish, and People: Saving the Faith in Philadelphia's Little Italy (2007)
• Lagumina, Salvatore J. et al. eds. The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia (2000)
• Landry, Harral, ed. To See the Past More Clearly: The Enrichment of the Italian Heritage, 1890-1990 (1994) Austin: Nortex Press
• Leone, Castaldo. Italians in America (2001) Milanostampa, S.p.A.: Mockingbird Press
• Lombardo, Robert M. "Chicago's Little Sicily", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Volume: 100. Issue: 1. 2007. pp 41+ online edition
• Luconi, Stefano. From Paesani to White Ethnics: The Italian Experience in Philadelphia (2001)
• Luconi, Stefano. The Italian-American Vote in Providence, R.I., 1916-1948 (2005)
• Luconi, Stefano, "Is Italian-American History an Account of the Immigrant Experience with the Politics Left Out? Some Thoughts on the Political Historiography about Italian Americans", in Italian Americans in the Third Millennium: Social Histories and Cultural Representations, ed. Paolo A. Giordano and Anthony Julian Tamburri, 55–72. (New York: American Italian Historical Association, 2009).
• Luconi, Stefano, “Contested Loyalties: World War II and Italian Americans’ Ethnic Identity,” Italian Americana 30 (2012), 151–67.
• Nelli, Humbert S. The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States (1981)
• Mangione, Jerre and Ben Morreale, "La Storia - Five Centuries of the Italian American Experience", Harper Perennial, 1992
• Miller, James, with Cheryl Beattie-Repetti and Joseph Tropea. Support and Struggle (1986) Staten Island: The American Italian Historical Association
• Mormino, Gary. "The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985". Gainesville: University Press of Florida. (1987)
• Nelli, Humbert S. "Italians", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) pp 545–60
• Nelli, Humbert S. Italians in Chicago, 1880-1930: A Study in Ethnic Mobility (2005).
• Orsi, Robert A. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880-1950 (3rd ed. 2010), excerpt and text search, influential study of family life
• Parati, Graziella, and Anthony Julian Tamburri, eds. The Cultures of Italian Migration: Diverse Trajectories and Discrete Perspectives (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; 2011) 274 pages; essays by literary scholars, historians, and others on the migrant experience to and from Italy.
• Rolle, Andrew. The Italian Americans (1980), survey by leading scholar
• Serra, Ilaria. The Imagined Immigrant: Images of Italian Emigration to the United States Between 1890 and 1924 (2009)
• Smith, Tom. The Crescent City Lynchings: The Murder of Chief Hennessy, the New Orleans "Mafia" Trials, and the Parish Prison Mob (2007)
• Stanger-Ross, Jordan. Staying Italian: Urban Change and Ethnic Life in Postwar Toronto and Philadelphia (2010); 192 pages; sociological study of how Italian enclaves in both cities were shaped by responses to suburbanization, segregation, and economic restructuring.
• Sterba, Christopher M. Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World (2003)
• Tamburri, Anthony Julian. A Semiotic of Ethnicity: In (Re)cognition of the Italian/American Writer (1998).
• Tricarico, Donald The Italians of Greenwich Village (1984), New York
• Vecchio, Diane C. Merchants, Midwives, and Laboring Women: Italian Migrants in Urban America (2006). 130 pp.
• Vecoli, Rudolph J. "The Coming of Age of Italian Americans: 1945-1974", Ethnicity 1978 5(2): 119-147
• Vecoli, Rudolph, ed. Italian Immigrants in Rural and Small Town America (1987) Staten Island: The American Italian Historical Association
• Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia. Family and Community: Italian Immigrants in Buffalo, 1880-1930 (1982) excerpt and text search

Primary sources

• Moquin, Wayne, ed. A Documentary History of Italian Americans (1974)
• Tamburri, Anthony Julian, Paolo A. Giordano, Fred L. Gardaphé, eds. From the Margin: Writings in Italian Americana (2000, 2nd ed.)

Pranala luar

• Italian american websites at the Open Directory Project.
• Italy Revisited (photo archives)
• Taylor Street Archives
• "Immigration -> Italian." Library of Congress.
• "Italian Immigration Diarsipkan 2013-07-19 di Wayback Machine.." Digital History, University of Houston
• ItalianImmigrants.org 1855 through 1900
• Italian Heritage and Culture Committee of New York, Inc. Diarsipkan 2018-09-06 di Wayback Machine.