Pengguna:Natsukusha/sandbox
| Trans-literation[note 1] | International Phonetic Alphabet | Contextual forms | Letters [2][3] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Cyrillic[4][1] | Khalkha[5] | Chakhar[6][7] | Final | Medial | Initial | |
| a | а | /a/ | /ɑ/ | ᠊ᠠ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠠ᠊ | ᠠ |
| e | э | /ə/ | ᠊ᠡ | ᠊ᠡ᠊ | ᠡ᠊ | ᠡ | |
| i | и | /i/ | /i/ or /ɪ/ | ᠊ᠢ | ᠊ᠢ᠊ | ᠢ᠊ | ᠢ |
| o | о | /ɔ/ | ᠊ᠣ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠣ | |
| u | у | /ʊ/ | ᠊ᠤ | ᠊ᠤ᠊ | ᠤ᠊ | ᠤ | |
| ö | ө | /ɵ/ | /o/ | ᠊ᠥ | ᠊ᠥ᠊ | ᠥ᠊ | ᠥ |
| ü | ү | /u/ | ᠊ᠦ | ᠊ᠦ᠊ | ᠦ᠊ | ᠦ | |
| n | н | /n/ | ᠊ᠨ | ᠊ᠨ᠊ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠨ | |
| ng | нг | /ŋ/ | ᠊ᠩ | ᠊ᠩ᠊ | ᠩ᠊ | ᠩ | |
| b | б | /p/ and /w/ | /b/ | ᠊ᠪ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠪ |
| p | п | /pʰ/ | /p/ | ᠊ᠫ | ᠊ᠫ᠊ | ᠫ᠊ | ᠫ |
| q | х | /x/ | ᠊ᠬ | ᠊ᠬ᠊ | ᠬ᠊ | ᠬ | |
| γ | г | /ɢ/ | /ɣ/ | ᠊ᠭ | ᠊ᠭ᠊ | ᠭ᠊ | ᠭ |
| m | м | /m/ | ᠊ᠮ | ᠊ᠮ᠊ | ᠮ᠊ | ᠮ | |
| l | л | /ɮ/ | /l/ | ᠊ᠯ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠯ |
| s | с | /s/ or /ʃ/ before i | ᠊ᠰ | ᠊ᠰ᠊ | ᠰ᠊ | ᠰ | |
| š | ш | /ʃ/ | ᠊ᠱ | ᠊ᠱ᠊ | ᠱ᠊ | ᠱ | |
| t | т | /t/ | ᠊ᠲ | ᠊ᠲ᠊ | ᠲ᠊ | ᠲ | |
| d | д | /t/ and /tʰ/ | /d/ | ᠊ᠳ | ᠊ᠳ᠊ | ᠳ᠊ | ᠳ |
| č | ч | /t͡ʃʰ/ and /t͡sʰ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | ᠊ᠴ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠴ |
| ǰ | ж | /d͡ʒ/ and d͡z | /d͡ʒ/ | ᠊ᠵ | ᠊ᠵ᠊ | ᠵ᠊ | ᠵ |
| y | й | /j/ | ᠊ᠶ | ᠊ᠶ᠊ | ᠶ᠊ | ᠶ | |
| r | р | /r/ | ᠊ᠷ | ᠊ᠷ᠊ | ᠷ᠊ | ᠷ | |
| Trans-literation[note 2] | IPA | Contextual forms | Letters [2][3] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Cyrillic[4][1] | Sanskrit | Tibetan[2][8] | Final | Medial | Initial | ||
| ē | е | /e/ | ᠊ᠧ | ᠊ᠧ᠊ | ᠧ᠊ | ᠧ | ||
| w | в | ཝ | /w/ | ᠊ᠸ | ᠊ᠸ᠊ | ᠸ᠊ | ᠸ | |
| f | ф | ཕ | /f/ | ᠊ᠹ | ᠊ᠹ᠊ | ᠹ᠊ | ᠹ | |
| g | к | ग | ག | /k/ | ᠊ᠺ | ᠊ᠺ᠊ | ᠺ᠊ | ᠺ |
| kh | к | ख | ཁ | /kʰ/ | ᠊ᠻ | ᠊ᠻ᠊ | ᠻ᠊ | ᠻ |
| c | ц | छ | ཚ | /t͡s/ | ᠊ᠼ | ᠊ᠼ᠊ | ᠼ᠊ | ᠼ |
| z | з | ज | ཛ | /d͡z/ | ᠊ᠽ | ᠊ᠽ᠊ | ᠽ᠊ | ᠽ |
| h | х | ह | ཧ | /h/ | ᠊ᠾ | ᠊ᠾ᠊ | ᠾ᠊ | ᠾ |
| ž[a] | ж | ཞ | /ʐ/, /ɻ/[b] | ᠊ᠿ | ᠊ᠿ᠊ | ᠿ᠊ | ᠿ | |
| lh | лх | ལྷ | /ɬ/ | ᠊ᡀ | ᠊ᡀ᠊ | ᡀ᠊ | ᡀ | |
| zh[c] | з | /d͡ʐ/ | ᠊ᡁ | ᠊ᡁ᠊ | ᡁ᠊ | ᡁ | ||
| ch[d] | ч | /t͡ʂ/ | ᠊ᡂ | ᠊ᡂ᠊ | ᡂ᠊ | ᡂ | ||
Notes
- ^ used in Inner Mongolia.
- ^ Transcribes Chinese r /ɻ/ [(ɻ) ~ (ʐ)];Lee & Zee (2003) and Lin (2007) transcribe these as approximants, while Duanmu (2007) transcribes these as voiced fricatives. The actual pronunciation has been acoustically measured to be more approximant-like as in 日 Ri, and used in Inner Mongolia. Always followed by an i.[7][9]
- ^ used in Inner Mongolia.
- ^ as in 蚩 Chī, used in Inner Mongolia.
- ^ a b c d "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language.
- ^ a b c Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaPoppe1974 - ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaDaniels1996 - ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSkorodumova2000 - ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSvantesson2005 - ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaCJVLang2013 - ^ a b "Writing | Study Mongolian". www.studymongolian.net (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-12-14.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaBabelStone - ^ Lee-Kim, Sang-Im (2014), "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (3): 261–282, doi:10.1017/s0025100314000267
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "note", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="note"/> yang berkaitan