Raja Empat Penjuru
Raja Empat Penjuru Dunia (Sumeria: lugal-an-ub-da-limmu-ba,[1] Akkadia: šarru kibrat 'arbaim,[2] šar kibrāti arba'i,[3] atau šar kibrāt erbetti[4]), juga diterjemahkan menjadi Raja Empat Perempat Dunia, Raja Empat Penjuru Sorgawi atau Raja Empat Penjuru Semesta Alam[5] dan sering kali disinglat Raja Empat Penjuru,[3][6] adalah sebuah gelar prestise besar yang diklaim oleh para penguasa besar di Mesopotamia kuno. Walau istilah "empat penjuru dunia merujuk kepada tempat geografis spesifik di dalam dan di dekat Mesopotamia sendiri, tempat-tempat tersebut pada masa gelar tersebut mula-mula dipakai dianggap mewakili tempat yang berada di dekat tepian dunia yang sebenarnya dan sehingga. Gelar tersebut juga ditafsirkan setara dengan "Raja seluruh dunia yang diketahui", sebuah klaim kekuasaan universal atas seluruh dunia dan segala hal di dalamnya.
Referensi
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Kutipan
sunting- ^ Maeda 1981, hlm. 4.
- ^ Levin 2002, hlm. 360.
- ^ a b Roaf & Zgoll 2001, hlm. 284.
- ^ Karlsson 2013, hlm. 135.
- ^ Raaflaub & Talbert 2010, hlm. 153.
- ^ Bachvarova 2012, hlm. 102.
Daftar pustaka
sunting- Bachvarova, Mary R. (2012). "From "Kingship in Heaven" to King Lists: Syro-Anatolian Courts and the History of the World". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 12 (1): 97–118. doi:10.1163/156921212X629482.
- Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1902). "Antiochus III and His Title 'Great-King'". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 22: 241–244. doi:10.2307/623929. JSTOR 623929.
- Brinkman, J. A. (1968). Political history of Post-Kassite Babylonia (1158-722 b. C.) (A). Gregorian Biblical BookShop.
- Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415569675.
- Da Riva, Rocío (2013). The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1614515876.
- De Mieroop, Marc Van (2004). A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1405149112.
- Frye, Richard Nelson (1983). "The political history of Iran under the Sasanians". The Cambridge History of Iran. 3 (1): 116–180. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200929.006. ISBN 9781139054942.
- Gerstenberger, Erhard S. (2001). ""World Dominion" in Yahweh Kingship Psalms: Down To the Roots of Globalizing Concepts and Strategies". Horizons in Biblical Theology. 23 (1): 192–210. doi:10.1163/187122001X00107.
- Hallo, William W. (1966). "The Coronation of Ur-Nammu". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 20 (3/4): 133–141. doi:10.2307/1359648. JSTOR 1359648.
- Hallo, William W. (1980). "Royal Titles from the Mesopotamian Periphery". Anatolian Studies. 30: 189–195. doi:10.2307/3642789. JSTOR 3642789.
- Handy, Lowell K. (1994). Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0931464843.
- Hill, Jane A.; Jones, Philip; Morales, Antonio J. (2013). Experiencing Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9781934536643.
- Karlsson, Mattias (2013). Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology Relations of Power in the Inscriptions and Iconography of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859) and Shalmaneser III (858–824). Instutionen för lingvistik och filologi, Uppsala Universitet. ISBN 978-91-506-2363-5.
- Karlsson, Mattias (2016). Relations of Power in Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781614519683.
- Karlsson, Mattias (2017). Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia (Tesis Manuscript). Uppsala University=. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assyrian-Royal-Titulary-in-Babylonia-Karlsson/2cfd46ae324d0804179abf4092c92569ae485500?navId=references.
- Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad". Vetus Testamentum. 52 (3): 350–366. doi:10.1163/156853302760197494.
- Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415679060.
- Maeda, Tohru (1981). ""King of Kish" in Pre-Sargonic Sumer". Orient. 17: 1–17. doi:10.5356/orient1960.17.1 .
- McIntosh, Jane R. (2017). Mesopotamia and the Rise of Civilization: History, Documents, and Key Questions. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440835469.
- Miller, James Maxwell (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664223588.
- Peat, Jerome (1989). "Cyrus "King of Lands," Cambyses "King of Babylon": The Disputed Co-Regency". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 41 (2): 199–216. doi:10.2307/1359915. JSTOR 1359915.
- Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2010). Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405191463.
- Radner, Karen (2010). "The stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?" (PDF). Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447061711.
- Roaf, Michael; Zgoll, Annette (2001). "Assyrian Astroglyphs: Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone and the Prisms of Esarhaddon". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. 91 (2): 264–295. doi:10.1515/zava.2001.91.2.264.
- Russell, John Malcolm (1987). "Bulls for the Palace and Order in the Empire: The Sculptural Program of Sennacherib's Court VI at Nineveh". The Art Bulletin. 69 (4): 520–539. doi:10.1080/00043079.1987.10788457.
- Selz, Gebhard J. (2016) [1st pub. 2005]. Sumerer und Akkader. Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur [Sumerians and Akkadians. History, society, culture] (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-3rd). Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-50874-5.
- Stevens, Kahtryn (2014). "The Antiochus Cylinder, Babylonian Scholarship and Seleucid Imperial Ideology" (PDF). The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 134: 66–88. doi:10.1017/S0075426914000068. JSTOR 43286072.
- Waltke, Bruce K. (2007). A commentary on Micah. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4933-5.
- Yamada, Shigeo (2014). "Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III: Chronographic-Literary Styles and the King's Portrait". Orient. 49: 31–50. doi:10.5356/orient.49.31 .
Situs web
sunting- "British Museum - The Cyrus Cylinder". www.britishmuseum.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2019.
- "Livius - Cyrus Cylinder Translation". www.livius.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2019.
- Farrokh, Kaveh. "A New Translation of the Cyrus Cylinder by the British Museum". kavehfarrokh.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2019.
- "Epiphany - The Four Quarters of the World". www.binujohn.name (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 May 2017. Diakses tanggal 17 May 2017.
- Yanli, Chen; Yuhong, Wu (2017). "The Names of the Leaders and Diplomats of Marḫaši and Related Men in the Ur III Dynasty". cdli.ucla.edu (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 20 January 2019.