Sosialisme pasar

Sosialisme pasar adalah jenis sistem ekonomi yang melibatkan kepemilikan bersama, koperasi, dan sosial atas alat produksi dalam kerangka ekonomi pasar. Sosialisme pasar berbeda dengan sosialisme non-pasar dalam arti mekanisme pasar digunakan untuk alokasi barang modal dan alat produksi.^[1]^[2]^[3] Tergantung pada model spesifiknya dari sosialisme pasar, keuntungan yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan yang dimiliki secara sosial (seperti laba bersih tidak diinvestasikan kembali untuk pengembangan perusahaan) mungkin secara beragam digunakan untuk membayar pekerja, diberikan kepada masyarakat luas sebagai sumber pembiayaan publik, atau didistribusikan di antara penduduk sebagai dividen sosial.^[4]

Meski usulan ekonomi yang melibatkan kepemilikan sosial dengan pasar faktor telah hadir sejak awal abad ke-19, istilah "sosialisme pasar" baru muncul pada 1920-an selama debat kalkulasi sosialis.^[5] Sosialisme pasar kontemporer muncul sejak debat kalkulasi sosialis selama awal sampai pertengahan abad ke-20 di antara ekonom sosialis yang percaya bahwa ekonomi sosialis tidak dapat berfungsi atas dasar penghitungan dalam bentuk natura ataupun dengan pemecahan sistem persamaan simultan untuk koordinasi ekonomi, dan bahwa pasar modal akan dibutuhkan dalam ekonomi sosialis.^[6]

Model awal sosialisme pasar dapat ditelusuri dari pemikiran Adam Smith dan teori ekonomi klasik, yang mengusulkan perusahaan koperasi untuk beroperasi dalam ekonomi pasar bebas. Tujuan dari usulan tersebut adalah untuk menghilangkan eksploitasi dengan memperbolehkan individu untuk menerima produk penuh dari kerjanya serta menghilangkan dampak distorsi pasar dari kepemilikan dan kekayaan yang terkonsentrasi di tangan kelas kecil pemilik pribadi.^[7] Di antara penganjur awal sosialisme pasar yaitu ekonom sosialis Ricardian dan filsuf mutualis. Pada awal abad ke-20, Oskar R. Lange dan Abba P. Lerner menekankan model neoklasik sosialisme yang memasukkan peran dewan perencana pusat dalam pengaturan harga setara biaya marjinal untuk mencapai Efisiensi Pareto. Meski model-model awal ini tidak bergantung pada pasar murni, mereka dilabeli "sosialis pasar" atas penggunaan harga dan penghitungan finansial. Dalam model lebih baru yang dianjurkan oleh ekonom neoklasik AS, kepemilikan publik atas alat produksi dicapai melalui kepemilikan publik atas ekuitas dan kontrol sosial atas investasi.

Sosialisme pasar berbeda dengan konsep ekonomi campuran. Tidak seperti ekonomi campuran, model sosialisme pasar bersifat utuh dan sistem yang dapat mengatur dirinya sendiri.^[8] Sosialisme pasar juga berbeda dengan kebijakan demokrasi sosial yang diimplementasikan dalam ekonomi pasar kapitalis: demokrasi sosial bertujuan untuk mencapai stabilitas dan kesetaraan ekonomi yang lebih besar melalui kebijakan seperti pajak, subsisi dan program kesejahteraan sosial; sosialisme pasar bertujuan untuk mencapai tujuan yang sama melalui perubahan pola kepemilikan dan manajemen perusahaan.^[9]

Dalam praktik

Beberapa unsur sosialis pasar telah ada dalam beberapa ekonomi.

Hubungan dengan ideologi politik

Sosialisme demokratik

Beberapa sosialis demokrat menganjurkan bentuk-bentuk sosialisme pasar, beberapa di antaranya berdasarkan pada manajemen mandiri pekerja; sedangkan lainnya menganjurkan ekonomi partisipatoris non-pasar berdasarkan pada perencanaan ekonomi desentralisasi.^[10]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ O'Hara, Phillip (September 2000). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. hlm. 71. ISBN 978-0415241878. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.
^ Buchanan, Alan E. Ethics, Efficiency and the Market.
^ Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart.
^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004.
^ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. hlm. 177. ISBN 978-0875484495. It was in the early 1920s that the expression ‘market socialism’ (marktsozialismus) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.
^ Roemer, John (January 1, 1994). A Future for Socialism. Harvard University Press. hlm. 28. ISBN 978-0674339460. The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of ‘natural unit,’ such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations… The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium…
^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. hlm. 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.
^ Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.
^ Roosevelt, Frank; David Belkin (1994). Why Market Socialism?. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. hlm. 314. ISBN 1-56324-465-9. Social democracy achieves greater egalitarianism via ex post government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ex ante changes in patterns of enterprise ownership.
^ Anderson and Herr, Gary L. and Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications, inc. hlm. 448. ISBN 978-1412918121. Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Alejandro Agafonow (2012). “The Austrian Dehomogenization Debate, or the Possibility of a Hayekian Planner,” Review of Political Economy, Vol. 24, No. 02.
Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia
Bertell Ollman ed. (1998). Market Socialism: the Debate Among Socialists, with other contributions by James Lawler, Hillel Ticktin and David Schewikart. Preview.
Steven O'Donnell (2003). Introducing Entrepreneurial Activity Into Market Socialist Models, University Press, Auckland
John E. Roemer et al. (E. O. Wright, ed.) (1996). Equal Shares: Making Market Socialism Work, Verso.
Alec Nove (1983). The Economics of Feasible Socialism, HarperCollins.
David Miller (1989). Market, State, and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
David Schweickart (2002). After Capitalism, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.
Johanna Bockman (2011). Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Preview.^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

Artikel bertopik sosialisme ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] O'Hara, Phillip (September 2000). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. hlm. 71. ISBN 978-0415241878. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.

[2] Buchanan, Alan E. Ethics, Efficiency and the Market.

[3] Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart.

[Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004-4] Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004.

[5] Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. hlm. 177. ISBN 978-0875484495. It was in the early 1920s that the expression ‘market socialism’ (marktsozialismus) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.

[6] Roemer, John (January 1, 1994). A Future for Socialism. Harvard University Press. hlm. 28. ISBN 978-0674339460. The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of ‘natural unit,’ such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations… The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium…

[7] McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. hlm. 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.

[8] Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.

[9] Roosevelt, Frank; David Belkin (1994). Why Market Socialism?. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. hlm. 314. ISBN 1-56324-465-9. Social democracy achieves greater egalitarianism via ex post government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ex ante changes in patterns of enterprise ownership.

[10] Anderson and Herr, Gary L. and Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications, inc. hlm. 448. ISBN 978-1412918121. Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism.

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