Tujuh konsili oikumenis pertama

Dalam sejarah Kekristenan, tujuh konsili oikumenis pertama, yakni dari Konsili Nikea Pertama (325) sampai Konsili Nikea Kedua (787), merupakan bentuk upaya para pimpinan gereja untuk mencapai konsensus ortodoks, mengembalikan kedamaian,^[1] melanjutkan dan mengembangkan Kekristenan yang bersatu.

Gereja Ortodoks Timur dan Gereja Katolik Roma menerima ketujuh konsili tersebut sebagai konsili oikumenis yang sah. Gereja Ortodoks Oriental hanya mengakui tiga konsili pertama sebagai konsili oikumenis yang sah, sedangkan gereja-gereja timur hanya mengakui keabsahan dua konsili pertama dari tujuh konsili ini. Terdapat pula satu tambahan konsili (Konsili Quinisextum), yang diselenggarakan antara Konsili Kelima dan Keenam (pada tahun 692 Masehi). Konsili tersebut diakui sebagai konsili yang oikumenis oleh Gereja Ortodoks Timur saja, tetapi Gereja Ortodoks Timur tidak menomori konsili tersebut, dan hanya menghitungnya sebagai lanjutan dari Konsili Oikumenis Keenam. Gereja Katolik Roma tidak mengakui keabsahan Konsili Quinisextum,^[2]^[3] tetapi Gereja Katolik dan beberapa ahli dalam Gereja Ortodoks Timur mengakui adanya beberapa konsili lanjutan pasca tujuh konsili oikumenis pertama ini.

Konsili-konsili

Berikut adalah ketujuh konsili tersebut:

Konsili	Tanggal	Penyelenggara	Pemimpin	Hadirin (Jumlah Perkiraan)	Topik
Konsili Nicea I	325 (20 Mei-09 Juni)	Kaisar Konstantinus I	Osius dari Cordoba (dan Kaisar Konstantinus)	318	Arianisme, kodrat Kristus, perayaan Paskah, penahbisan para kasim, pelarangan berlutut di hari Minggu dan sejak Paskah hingga Pentakosta, validitas baptisan oleh para bidah, mantan Kristen, pelbagai hal lain.
Konsili Konstantinopel I	381 (Mei-Juli)	Kaisar Theodosius I	Timotius dari Aleksandria, Meletius dari Antiokhia, Gregorius dari Nazianzus, dan Nektarius dari Konstantinopel	150	Arianisme, Apollinarisme, Sabellianisme, Roh Kudus, pengganti Meletius
Konsili Efesus	431 (22 Juni-31 Juli)	Kaisar Theodosius II	Sirilus dari Alexandria	200–250	Nestorianisme, Theotokos, Pelagianisme
Konsili Kalsedon	451 (08 Oktober-01 November)	Kaisar Marcianus	Dewan pejabat pemerintah dan senator, dipimpin oleh bangsawan Anatolius	520	Penilaian yang dikeluarkan pada Konsili Efesus Kedua pada tahun 449, dugaan pelanggaran Uskup Dioscorus dari Aleksandria, hubungan antara keilahian dan kemanusiaan Kristus, banyak perselisihan yang melibatkan para uskup.
Konsili Konstantinopel II	553 05 Mei-02 Juni)	Kaisar Yustinianus I	Eutikhius dari Konstantinopel	152	Nestorianisme Monofisitisme
Konsili Konstantinopel III	680-681 (07 November-16 September)	Kaisar Konstantinus IV	Patriark Georgius I dari Konstantinopel	300	Monotelitisme, kehendak ilahi dan manusiawi Kristus
Konsili Nicea II	787 (24 September-23 Oktober)	Konstantinus VI dan Maharani Irena (sebagai wali)	Patriark Tarasios, para perwakilan Paus Adrianus I	350	Ikonoklasme Bizantium

Referensi

^ Diehl, Charles (1923). "1: Leo III and the Isaurian Dynasty (717-802)". Dalam Tanner, J. R.; Previté-Orton, C. W.; Brooke, Z. N. The Cambridge Medieval History. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 21. ISBN 9785872870395. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-01. [...] Tarasius [...] skilfully put forward the project of an Ecumenical Council which should restore peace and unity to the Christian world. The Empress [...] summoned the prelates of Christendom to Constantinople for the spring of 786. [...] Finally the Council was convoked at Nicaea in Bithynia; it was opened in the presence of the papal legates on 24 September 787. This was the seventh Ecumenical Council.
^ Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: Introductory Note to Council of Trullo: "From the fact that the canons of the Council in Trullo are included in this volume of the Decrees and Canons of the Seven Ecumenical Councils it must not for an instant be supposed that it is intended thereby to affirm that these canons have any ecumenical authority, or that the council by which they were adopted can lay any claim to being ecumenical either in view of its constitution or of the subsequent treatment by the Church of its enactments."
^ Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".

Pranala luar

[1] Diehl, Charles (1923). "1: Leo III and the Isaurian Dynasty (717-802)". Dalam Tanner, J. R.; Previté-Orton, C. W.; Brooke, Z. N. The Cambridge Medieval History. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 21. ISBN 9785872870395. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-01. [...] Tarasius [...] skilfully put forward the project of an Ecumenical Council which should restore peace and unity to the Christian world. The Empress [...] summoned the prelates of Christendom to Constantinople for the spring of 786. [...] Finally the Council was convoked at Nicaea in Bithynia; it was opened in the presence of the papal legates on 24 September 787. This was the seventh Ecumenical Council.

[2] Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: Introductory Note to Council of Trullo: "From the fact that the canons of the Council in Trullo are included in this volume of the Decrees and Canons of the Seven Ecumenical Councils it must not for an instant be supposed that it is intended thereby to affirm that these canons have any ecumenical authority, or that the council by which they were adopted can lay any claim to being ecumenical either in view of its constitution or of the subsequent treatment by the Church of its enactments."

[3] Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".

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