Samsara (Buddhisme)
konsep siklus kelahiran kembali dan kematian dalam Buddhisme
Dalam Buddhisme, samsara (KBBI; Pali: saṃsāra; Sanskerta: संसार) adalah siklus tanpa awal dari kelahiran berulang, keberadaan duniawi, dan kematian kembali. Samsara dianggap sebagai penderitaan (dukkha), dan secara umum tidak memuaskan dan menyakitkan,[1] dilanggengkan oleh nafsu keinginan (taṇhā) dan ketidaktahuan (avijjā), dan karma serta pengindraan yang dihasilkannya.[2][3][4]
Punarbawa atau kelahiran kembali terjadi di tiga puluh satu alam keberadaan, yaitu alam-alam surga (brahma dan dewa), alam manusia, dan alam-alam rendah (hewan, hantu kelaparan, jin, dan neraka).[note 1] Samsara berakhir jika seseorang mencapai Nirwana,[note 2] “padamnya” nafsu keinginan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (anicca) dan realitas tanpa-atma (anatta).[6][7][8]
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ Wilson 2010.
- ^ Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011, hlm. 271-272.
- ^ McClelland 2010, hlm. 172, 240.
- ^ Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012, hlm. 18–19, chapter 1.
- ^ Buswell 2004, hlm. 711-712.
- ^ Buswell & Gimello 1992, hlm. 7–8, 83–84.
- ^ Choong 1999, hlm. 28–29, Quote: "Seeing (passati) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana.".
- ^ Rahula 2014, hlm. 51-58.
Daftar pustaka
- Ajahn Sucitto (2010), Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala
- Anderson, Carol (1999), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge
- Bowker, John, ed. (1997), The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
- Buswell, Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (1992), Paths to Liberation: The Mārga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1253-9, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-24, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Macmillan Reference USA, ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9
- Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald, ed. (2013), Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691157863
- Chogyam Trungpa (2009), The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif), Shambhala
- Choong, Mun-Keat (1999), The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1649-7, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-27, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Cohen, Robert S. (2006). Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity. Routledge.
- Conze, Edward (2013), Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-54231-4, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-31, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Dalai Lama (1992), The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom
- Edelglass, William; et al. (2009), Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-532817-2, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-24, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Flores, Ralph (2009), Buddhist Scriptures as Literature: Sacred Rhetoric and the Uses of Theory, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-7340-5, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-24, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Fowler, Merv (1999), Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-21, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
- Gombrich, Richard F. (1997). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- Gombrich, Richard F. (2006). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- Harvey, Peter (1990), An Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press
- Padmanabh Jaini (1980). Wendy Doniger, ed. Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0.
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- Keown, Damien (2013). Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- Keown, Damien (2000), Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition
- Keown, Damien (2004), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2
- Laumakis, Stephen J. (2008). An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46966-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- McClelland, Norman C. (2010), Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-26, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya, diterjemahkan oleh Nanamoli, Bhikkhu, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-0-86171-072-0
- Obeyesekere, Gananath (1980). Wendy Doniger, ed. Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0.
- Obeyesekere, Gananath (2005). Wendy Doniger, ed. Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120826090.
- Patrul Rinpoche (1998), The Words of My Perfect Teacher, Altamira
- Rahula, Walpola (2014), What the Buddha Taught, Oneworld Classics, ISBN 978-1-78074-000-3, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-31, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Smith, Huston; Novak, Philip (2009), Buddhism: A Concise Introduction, HarperOne, Kindle Edition
- Sogyal Rinpoche (2009), The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, Harper Collins, Kindle Edition
- Trainor, Kevin (2004), Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-18, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL
- Waldron, William S. (2003), The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought, Routledge
- Williams, Paul (2002), Buddhist Thought, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415207010
- Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012), Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-52088-4, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-11-20, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Wilson, Jeff (2010), Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141, ISBN 9780195393521